Programming with the Twitter api classes
========================================
-
The Twitter and TwitterStream classes are the key to building your own
Twitter-enabled applications.
**[http://dev.twitter.com/doc](http://dev.twitter.com/doc)**
-
-Examples::
-
+Examples:
```python
from twitter import *
-# see "Authentication" section below for tokens and keys
t = Twitter(
- auth=OAuth(OAUTH_TOKEN, OAUTH_SECRET,
- CONSUMER_KEY, CONSUMER_SECRET)
- )
+ auth=OAuth(token, token_key, con_secret, con_secret_key)))
# Get your "home" timeline
t.statuses.home_timeline()
t.user.list.members(user="tamtar", list="things-that-are-rad")
# An *optional* `_timeout` parameter can also be used for API
-# calls which take much more time than normal or Twitter stops
-# responding for some reason
-t.users.lookup(screen_name=','.join(A_LIST_OF_100_SCREEN_NAMES), _timeout=1)
+# calls which take much more time than normal or twitter stops
+# responding for some reason:
+t.users.lookup(
+ screen_name=','.join(A_LIST_OF_100_SCREEN_NAMES), _timeout=1)
# Overriding Method: GET/POST
# you should not need to use this method as this library properly
t.statuses.oembed(_id=1234567890, _method='GET')
# Send a tweet with an image included (or set your banner or logo similarily)
-# - by just reading your image from the web or a file in a string:
+# by just reading your image from the web or a file in a string:
with open("example.png", "rb") as imagefile:
params = {"media[]": imagefile.read(), "status": "PTT"}
t.statuses.update_with_media(**params)
-# - or by sending a base64 encoded image:
+
+# Or by sending a base64 encoded image:
params = {"media[]": base64_image, "status": "PTT", "_base64": True}
t.statuses.update_with_media(**params)
```
-Searching Twitter::
-``` python
+Searching Twitter:
+```python
# Search for the latest tweets about #pycon
t.search.tweets(q="#pycon")
```
-----------------------
Twitter API calls return decoded JSON. This is converted into
-a bunch of Python lists, dicts, ints, and strings. For example::
+a bunch of Python lists, dicts, ints, and strings. For example:
```python
x = twitter.statuses.home_timeline()
--------------------
If you prefer to get your Twitter data in XML format, pass
-format="xml" to the Twitter object when you instantiate it::
+format="xml" to the Twitter object when you instantiate it:
```python
twitter = Twitter(format="xml")
The TwitterStream class
-----------------------
-The TwitterStream object is an interface to the Twitter Stream API
-(stream.twitter.com). This can be used pretty much the same as the
-Twitter class except the result of calling a method will be an
-iterator that yields objects decoded from the stream. For
-example::
+The TwitterStream object is an interface to the Twitter Stream
+API. This can be used pretty much the same as the Twitter class
+except the result of calling a method will be an iterator that
+yields objects decoded from the stream. For example::
```python
-twitter_stream = TwitterStream(auth=UserPassAuth('joe', 'joespassword'))
+twitter_stream = TwitterStream(auth=OAuth(...))
iterator = twitter_stream.statuses.sample()
for tweet in iterator:
- # ...do something with this tweet...
+ ...do something with this tweet...
```
-The iterator will yield tweets forever and ever (until the stream
-breaks at which point it raises a TwitterHTTPError.)
-
-The `block` parameter controls if the stream is blocking. Default
-is blocking (True). When set to False, the iterator will
-occasionally yield None when there is no available message.
-
Per default the ``TwitterStream`` object uses
[public streams](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-apis/streams/public).
If you want to use one of the other
print msg['direct_message']['text']
```
+The iterator will yield until the TCP connection breaks. When the
+connection breaks, the iterator yields `{'hangup': True}`, and
+raises `StopIteration` if iterated again.
+
+Similarly, if the stream does not produce heartbeats for more than
+90 seconds, the iterator yields `{'hangup': True,
+'heartbeat_timeout': True}`, and raises `StopIteration` if
+iterated again.
+
+The `timeout` parameter controls the maximum time between
+yields. If it is nonzero, then the iterator will yield either
+stream data or `{'timeout': True}` within the timeout period. This
+is useful if you want your program to do other stuff in between
+waiting for tweets.
+
+The `block` parameter sets the stream to be fully non-blocking. In
+this mode, the iterator always yields immediately. It returns
+stream data, or `None`. Note that `timeout` supercedes this
+argument, so it should also be set `None` to use this mode.
+
Twitter Response Objects
------------------------
-Response from a Twitter request. Behaves like a list or a string
+Response from a twitter request. Behaves like a list or a string
(depending on requested format) but it has a few other interesting
attributes.
`headers` gives you access to the response headers as an
httplib.HTTPHeaders instance. You can do
-`response.headers.getheader('h')` to retrieve a header.
+`response.headers.get('h')` to retrieve a header.
Authentication
--------------
You can authenticate with Twitter in three ways: NoAuth, OAuth, or
-UserPassAuth. Get help() on these classes to learn how to use them.
+OAuth2 (app-only). Get help() on these classes to learn how to use them.
-OAuth is probably the most useful.
+OAuth and OAuth2 are probably the most useful.
Working with OAuth
This will get you a CONSUMER_KEY and CONSUMER_SECRET.
When users run your application they have to authenticate your app
-with their Twitter account. A few HTTP calls to Twitter are required
+with their Twitter account. A few HTTP calls to twitter are required
to do this. Please see the twitter.oauth_dance module to see how this
is done. If you are making a command-line app, you can use the
oauth_dance() function directly.
-Performing the "oauth dance" gets you an oauth token and oauth secret
+Performing the "oauth dance" gets you an ouath token and oauth secret
that authenticate the user with Twitter. You should save these for
later so that the user doesn't have to do the oauth dance again.
strings in the file. Not terribly exciting.
Finally, you can use the OAuth authenticator to connect to Twitter. In
-code it all goes like this::
+code it all goes like this:
```python
from twitter import *
oauth_token, oauth_secret = read_token_file(MY_TWITTER_CREDS)
twitter = Twitter(auth=OAuth(
- oauth_token, oauth_secret, CONSUMER_KEY, CONSUMER_SECRET))
+ oauth_token, oauth_token_secret, CONSUMER_KEY, CONSUMER_SECRET))
# Now work with Twitter
twitter.statuses.update(status='Hello, world!')
```
+Working with OAuth2
+-------------------
+
+Twitter only supports the application-only flow of OAuth2 for certain
+API endpoints. This OAuth2 authenticator only supports the application-only
+flow right now.
+
+To authenticate with OAuth2, visit the Twitter developer page and create a new
+application:
+
+**[https://dev.twitter.com/apps/new](https://dev.twitter.com/apps/new)**
+
+This will get you a CONSUMER_KEY and CONSUMER_SECRET.
+
+Exchange your CONSUMER_KEY and CONSUMER_SECRET for a bearer token using the
+oauth2_dance function.
+
+Finally, you can use the OAuth2 authenticator and your bearer token to connect
+to Twitter. In code it goes like this::
+
+```python
+twitter = Twitter(auth=OAuth2(bearer_token=BEARER_TOKEN))
+
+# Now work with Twitter
+twitter.search.tweets(q='keyword')
+```
License
=======
Examples::
+ from twitter import *
+
t = Twitter(
auth=OAuth(token, token_key, con_secret, con_secret_key)))
# Get your "home" timeline
t.statuses.home_timeline()
- # Get a particular friend's tweets
- t.statuses.user_timeline(user_id="billybob")
+ # Get a particular friend's timeline
+ t.statuses.user_timeline(screen_name="billybob")
+
+ # to pass in GET/POST parameters, such as `count`
+ t.statuses.home_timeline(count=5)
+
+ # to pass in the GET/POST parameter `id` you need to use `_id`
+ t.statuses.oembed(_id=1234567890)
# Update your status
t.statuses.update(
# An *optional* `_timeout` parameter can also be used for API
# calls which take much more time than normal or twitter stops
- # responding for some reasone
+ # responding for some reason:
t.users.lookup(
screen_name=','.join(A_LIST_OF_100_SCREEN_NAMES), \
_timeout=1)
t.statuses.oembed(_id=1234567890, _method='GET')
# Send a tweet with an image included (or set your banner or logo similarily)
- # By just reading your image from the web or a file in a string:
+ # by just reading your image from the web or a file in a string:
with open("example.png", "rb") as imagefile:
params = {"media[]": imagefile.read(), "status": "PTT"}
t.statuses.update_with_media(**params)
+
# Or by sending a base64 encoded image:
params = {"media[]": base64_image, "status": "PTT", "_base64": True}
t.statuses.update_with_media(**params)
-
Searching Twitter::
# Search for the latest tweets about #pycon
iterator = twitter_stream.statuses.sample()
for tweet in iterator:
- ...do something with this tweet...
+ # ...do something with this tweet...
+
+ Per default the ``TwitterStream`` object uses
+ [public streams](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-apis/streams/public).
+ If you want to use one of the other
+ [streaming APIs](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-apis), specify the URL
+ manually:
+
+ - [Public streams](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-apis/streams/public): stream.twitter.com
+ - [User streams](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-apis/streams/user): userstream.twitter.com
+ - [Site streams](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-apis/streams/site): sitestream.twitter.com
+
+ Note that you require the proper
+ [permissions](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/application-permission-model) to
+ access these streams. E.g. for direct messages your
+ [application](https://dev.twitter.com/apps) needs the "Read, Write & Direct
+ Messages" permission.
+
+ The following example demonstrates how to retrieve all new direct messages
+ from the user stream::
+
+ auth = OAuth(
+ consumer_key='[your consumer key]',
+ consumer_secret='[your consumer secret]',
+ token='[your token]',
+ token_secret='[your token secret]'
+ )
+ twitter_userstream = TwitterStream(auth=auth, domain='userstream.twitter.com')
+ for msg in twitter_userstream.user():
+ if 'direct_message' in msg:
+ print msg['direct_message']['text']
The iterator will yield until the TCP connection breaks. When the
connection breaks, the iterator yields `{'hangup': True}`, and
projects / z_archive / twitter.git / commitdiff
