]> jfr.im git - yt-dlp.git/blobdiff - yt_dlp/utils.py
[update] Expose more functionality to API
[yt-dlp.git] / yt_dlp / utils.py
index 0b28b0926fa18b543fc0c869ddb190aa5c96d074..dc6894d83d28e864c4ba526e643690f7c0d38139 100644 (file)
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 import email.header
 import email.utils
 import errno
-import functools
 import gzip
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import tempfile
 import time
 import traceback
+import types
 import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 import zlib
 
+from .compat import asyncio, functools  # isort: split
 from .compat import (
-    asyncio,
     compat_chr,
     compat_cookiejar,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ def random_user_agent():
 
 
 NO_DEFAULT = object()
+IDENTITY = lambda x: x
 
 ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES = [
     'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June',
@@ -248,6 +249,7 @@ def random_user_agent():
 NUMBER_RE = r'\d+(?:\.\d+)?'
 
 
+@functools.cache
 def preferredencoding():
     """Get preferred encoding.
 
@@ -362,14 +364,14 @@ def xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
     return n.attrib[key]
 
 
-def get_element_by_id(id, html):
+def get_element_by_id(id, html, **kwargs):
     """Return the content of the tag with the specified ID in the passed HTML document"""
-    return get_element_by_attribute('id', id, html)
+    return get_element_by_attribute('id', id, html, **kwargs)
 
 
-def get_element_html_by_id(id, html):
+def get_element_html_by_id(id, html, **kwargs):
     """Return the html of the tag with the specified ID in the passed HTML document"""
-    return get_element_html_by_attribute('id', id, html)
+    return get_element_html_by_attribute('id', id, html, **kwargs)
 
 
 def get_element_by_class(class_name, html):
@@ -384,27 +386,27 @@ def get_element_html_by_class(class_name, html):
     return retval[0] if retval else None
 
 
-def get_element_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value=True):
-    retval = get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value)
+def get_element_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kwargs):
+    retval = get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kwargs)
     return retval[0] if retval else None
 
 
-def get_element_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value=True):
-    retval = get_elements_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value)
+def get_element_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kargs):
+    retval = get_elements_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kargs)
     return retval[0] if retval else None
 
 
-def get_elements_by_class(class_name, html):
+def get_elements_by_class(class_name, html, **kargs):
     """Return the content of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
     return get_elements_by_attribute(
-        'class', r'[^\'"]*\b%s\b[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
         html, escape_value=False)
 
 
 def get_elements_html_by_class(class_name, html):
     """Return the html of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
     return get_elements_html_by_attribute(
-        'class', r'[^\'"]*\b%s\b[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
         html, escape_value=False)
 
 
@@ -594,6 +596,19 @@ def clean_html(html):
     return html.strip()
 
 
+class LenientJSONDecoder(json.JSONDecoder):
+    def __init__(self, *args, transform_source=None, ignore_extra=False, **kwargs):
+        self.transform_source, self.ignore_extra = transform_source, ignore_extra
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def decode(self, s):
+        if self.transform_source:
+            s = self.transform_source(s)
+        if self.ignore_extra:
+            return self.raw_decode(s.lstrip())[0]
+        return super().decode(s)
+
+
 def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
     """Try to open the given filename, and slightly tweak it if this fails.
 
@@ -619,9 +634,9 @@ def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
                     # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3124
                     raise LockingUnsupportedError()
                 stream = locked_file(filename, open_mode, block=False).__enter__()
-            except LockingUnsupportedError:
+            except OSError:
                 stream = open(filename, open_mode)
-            return (stream, filename)
+            return stream, filename
         except OSError as err:
             if attempt or err.errno in (errno.EACCES,):
                 raise
@@ -714,7 +729,9 @@ def sanitize_path(s, force=False):
 def sanitize_url(url):
     # Prepend protocol-less URLs with `http:` scheme in order to mitigate
     # the number of unwanted failures due to missing protocol
-    if url.startswith('//'):
+    if url is None:
+        return
+    elif url.startswith('//'):
         return 'http:%s' % url
     # Fix some common typos seen so far
     COMMON_TYPOS = (
@@ -737,8 +754,8 @@ def extract_basic_auth(url):
         parts.hostname if parts.port is None
         else '%s:%d' % (parts.hostname, parts.port))))
     auth_payload = base64.b64encode(
-        ('%s:%s' % (parts.username, parts.password or '')).encode('utf-8'))
-    return url, 'Basic ' + auth_payload.decode('utf-8')
+        ('%s:%s' % (parts.username, parts.password or '')).encode())
+    return url, f'Basic {auth_payload.decode()}'
 
 
 def sanitized_Request(url, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -754,13 +771,16 @@ def expand_path(s):
     return os.path.expandvars(compat_expanduser(s))
 
 
-def orderedSet(iterable):
-    """ Remove all duplicates from the input iterable """
-    res = []
-    for el in iterable:
-        if el not in res:
-            res.append(el)
-    return res
+def orderedSet(iterable, *, lazy=False):
+    """Remove all duplicates from the input iterable"""
+    def _iter():
+        seen = []  # Do not use set since the items can be unhashable
+        for x in iterable:
+            if x not in seen:
+                seen.append(x)
+                yield x
+
+    return _iter() if lazy else list(_iter())
 
 
 def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
@@ -813,12 +833,9 @@ def escapeHTML(text):
 
 
 def process_communicate_or_kill(p, *args, **kwargs):
-    try:
-        return p.communicate(*args, **kwargs)
-    except BaseException:  # Including KeyboardInterrupt
-        p.kill()
-        p.wait()
-        raise
+    write_string('DeprecationWarning: yt_dlp.utils.process_communicate_or_kill is deprecated '
+                 'and may be removed in a future version. Use yt_dlp.utils.Popen.communicate_or_kill instead')
+    return Popen.communicate_or_kill(p, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
@@ -828,11 +845,30 @@ class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
     else:
         _startupinfo = None
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *args, text=False, **kwargs):
+        if text is True:
+            kwargs['universal_newlines'] = True  # For 3.6 compatibility
+            kwargs.setdefault('encoding', 'utf-8')
+            kwargs.setdefault('errors', 'replace')
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs, startupinfo=self._startupinfo)
 
     def communicate_or_kill(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return process_communicate_or_kill(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            return self.communicate(*args, **kwargs)
+        except BaseException:  # Including KeyboardInterrupt
+            self.kill(timeout=None)
+            raise
+
+    def kill(self, *, timeout=0):
+        super().kill()
+        if timeout != 0:
+            self.wait(timeout=timeout)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        with cls(*args, **kwargs) as proc:
+            stdout, stderr = proc.communicate_or_kill()
+            return stdout or '', stderr or '', proc.returncode
 
 
 def get_subprocess_encoding():
@@ -917,32 +953,48 @@ def make_HTTPS_handler(params, **kwargs):
     context.check_hostname = opts_check_certificate
     if params.get('legacyserverconnect'):
         context.options |= 4  # SSL_OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT
+        # Allow use of weaker ciphers in Python 3.10+. See https://bugs.python.org/issue43998
+        context.set_ciphers('DEFAULT')
+
     context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if opts_check_certificate else ssl.CERT_NONE
     if opts_check_certificate:
         if has_certifi and 'no-certifi' not in params.get('compat_opts', []):
             context.load_verify_locations(cafile=certifi.where())
-        else:
-            try:
-                context.load_default_certs()
-                # Work around the issue in load_default_certs when there are bad certificates. See:
-                # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1060,
-                # https://bugs.python.org/issue35665, https://bugs.python.org/issue45312
-            except ssl.SSLError:
-                # enum_certificates is not present in mingw python. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1151
-                if sys.platform == 'win32' and hasattr(ssl, 'enum_certificates'):
-                    # Create a new context to discard any certificates that were already loaded
-                    context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
-                    context.check_hostname, context.verify_mode = True, ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
-                    for storename in ('CA', 'ROOT'):
-                        _ssl_load_windows_store_certs(context, storename)
-                context.set_default_verify_paths()
+        try:
+            context.load_default_certs()
+        # Work around the issue in load_default_certs when there are bad certificates. See:
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1060,
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue35665, https://bugs.python.org/issue45312
+        except ssl.SSLError:
+            # enum_certificates is not present in mingw python. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1151
+            if sys.platform == 'win32' and hasattr(ssl, 'enum_certificates'):
+                for storename in ('CA', 'ROOT'):
+                    _ssl_load_windows_store_certs(context, storename)
+            context.set_default_verify_paths()
+
+    client_certfile = params.get('client_certificate')
+    if client_certfile:
+        try:
+            context.load_cert_chain(
+                client_certfile, keyfile=params.get('client_certificate_key'),
+                password=params.get('client_certificate_password'))
+        except ssl.SSLError:
+            raise YoutubeDLError('Unable to load client certificate')
+
+    # Some servers may reject requests if ALPN extension is not sent. See:
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/85140
+    # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3878
+    with contextlib.suppress(NotImplementedError):
+        context.set_alpn_protocols(['http/1.1'])
+
     return YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(params, context=context, **kwargs)
 
 
 def bug_reports_message(before=';'):
-    msg = ('please report this issue on  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q= , '
-           'filling out the appropriate issue template. '
-           'Confirm you are on the latest version using  yt-dlp -U')
+    from .update import REPOSITORY
+
+    msg = (f'please report this issue on  https://github.com/{REPOSITORY}/issues?q= , '
+           'filling out the appropriate issue template. Confirm you are on the latest version using  yt-dlp -U')
 
     before = before.rstrip()
     if not before or before.endswith(('.', '!', '?')):
@@ -986,12 +1038,14 @@ def __init__(self, msg, tb=None, expected=False, cause=None, video_id=None, ie=N
         self.video_id = video_id
         self.ie = ie
         self.exc_info = sys.exc_info()  # preserve original exception
+        if isinstance(self.exc_info[1], ExtractorError):
+            self.exc_info = self.exc_info[1].exc_info
 
         super().__init__(''.join((
-            format_field(ie, template='[%s] '),
-            format_field(video_id, template='%s: '),
+            format_field(ie, None, '[%s] '),
+            format_field(video_id, None, '%s: '),
             msg,
-            format_field(cause, template=' (caused by %r)'),
+            format_field(cause, None, ' (caused by %r)'),
             '' if expected else bug_reports_message())))
 
     def format_traceback(self):
@@ -1332,7 +1386,7 @@ def http_response(self, req, resp):
             location = resp.headers.get('Location')
             if location:
                 # As of RFC 2616 default charset is iso-8859-1 that is respected by python 3
-                location = location.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
+                location = location.encode('iso-8859-1').decode()
                 location_escaped = escape_url(location)
                 if location != location_escaped:
                     del resp.headers['Location']
@@ -1406,9 +1460,14 @@ def https_open(self, req):
             conn_class = make_socks_conn_class(conn_class, socks_proxy)
             del req.headers['Ytdl-socks-proxy']
 
-        return self.do_open(functools.partial(
-            _create_http_connection, self, conn_class, True),
-            req, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            return self.do_open(
+                functools.partial(_create_http_connection, self, conn_class, True), req, **kwargs)
+        except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+            if (isinstance(e.reason, ssl.SSLError)
+                    and getattr(e.reason, 'reason', None) == 'SSLV3_ALERT_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE'):
+                raise YoutubeDLError('SSLV3_ALERT_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE: Try using --legacy-server-connect')
+            raise
 
 
 class YoutubeDLCookieJar(compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
@@ -1427,57 +1486,71 @@ class YoutubeDLCookieJar(compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
         'CookieFileEntry',
         ('domain_name', 'include_subdomains', 'path', 'https_only', 'expires_at', 'name', 'value'))
 
-    def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(None, *args, **kwargs)
+        if self.is_path(filename):
+            filename = os.fspath(filename)
+        self.filename = filename
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _true_or_false(cndn):
+        return 'TRUE' if cndn else 'FALSE'
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_path(file):
+        return isinstance(file, (str, bytes, os.PathLike))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def open(self, file, *, write=False):
+        if self.is_path(file):
+            with open(file, 'w' if write else 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                yield f
+        else:
+            if write:
+                file.truncate(0)
+            yield file
+
+    def _really_save(self, f, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+        now = time.time()
+        for cookie in self:
+            if (not ignore_discard and cookie.discard
+                    or not ignore_expires and cookie.is_expired(now)):
+                continue
+            name, value = cookie.name, cookie.value
+            if value is None:
+                # cookies.txt regards 'Set-Cookie: foo' as a cookie
+                # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a
+                # cookie with no value.
+                name, value = '', name
+            f.write('%s\n' % '\t'.join((
+                cookie.domain,
+                self._true_or_false(cookie.domain.startswith('.')),
+                cookie.path,
+                self._true_or_false(cookie.secure),
+                str_or_none(cookie.expires, default=''),
+                name, value
+            )))
+
+    def save(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Save cookies to a file.
+        Code is taken from CPython 3.6
+        https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/8d999cbf4adea053be6dbb612b9844635c4dfb8e/Lib/http/cookiejar.py#L2091-L2117 """
 
-        Most of the code is taken from CPython 3.8 and slightly adapted
-        to support cookie files with UTF-8 in both python 2 and 3.
-        """
         if filename is None:
             if self.filename is not None:
                 filename = self.filename
             else:
                 raise ValueError(compat_cookiejar.MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT)
 
-        # Store session cookies with `expires` set to 0 instead of an empty
-        # string
+        # Store session cookies with `expires` set to 0 instead of an empty string
         for cookie in self:
             if cookie.expires is None:
                 cookie.expires = 0
 
-        with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with self.open(filename, write=True) as f:
             f.write(self._HEADER)
-            now = time.time()
-            for cookie in self:
-                if not ignore_discard and cookie.discard:
-                    continue
-                if not ignore_expires and cookie.is_expired(now):
-                    continue
-                if cookie.secure:
-                    secure = 'TRUE'
-                else:
-                    secure = 'FALSE'
-                if cookie.domain.startswith('.'):
-                    initial_dot = 'TRUE'
-                else:
-                    initial_dot = 'FALSE'
-                if cookie.expires is not None:
-                    expires = compat_str(cookie.expires)
-                else:
-                    expires = ''
-                if cookie.value is None:
-                    # cookies.txt regards 'Set-Cookie: foo' as a cookie
-                    # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a
-                    # cookie with no value.
-                    name = ''
-                    value = cookie.name
-                else:
-                    name = cookie.name
-                    value = cookie.value
-                f.write(
-                    '\t'.join([cookie.domain, initial_dot, cookie.path,
-                               secure, expires, name, value]) + '\n')
+            self._really_save(f, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def load(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
         """Load cookies from a file."""
@@ -1502,7 +1575,7 @@ def prepare_line(line):
             return line
 
         cf = io.StringIO()
-        with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with self.open(filename) as f:
             for line in f:
                 try:
                     cf.write(prepare_line(line))
@@ -1587,9 +1660,21 @@ def redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl):
         CONTENT_HEADERS = ("content-length", "content-type")
         # NB: don't use dict comprehension for python 2.6 compatibility
         newheaders = {k: v for k, v in req.headers.items() if k.lower() not in CONTENT_HEADERS}
+
+        # A 303 must either use GET or HEAD for subsequent request
+        # https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
+        if code == 303 and m != 'HEAD':
+            m = 'GET'
+        # 301 and 302 redirects are commonly turned into a GET from a POST
+        # for subsequent requests by browsers, so we'll do the same.
+        # https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.2
+        # https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.3
+        if code in (301, 302) and m == 'POST':
+            m = 'GET'
+
         return compat_urllib_request.Request(
             newurl, headers=newheaders, origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host,
-            unverifiable=True)
+            unverifiable=True, method=m)
 
 
 def extract_timezone(date_str):
@@ -1712,14 +1797,14 @@ def subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format, expected_real_ext=None):
 
 
 def datetime_from_str(date_str, precision='auto', format='%Y%m%d'):
-    """
-    Return a datetime object from a string in the format YYYYMMDD or
-    (now|today|yesterday|date)[+-][0-9](microsecond|second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)(s)?
-
-    format: string date format used to return datetime object from
-    precision: round the time portion of a datetime object.
-                auto|microsecond|second|minute|hour|day.
-                auto: round to the unit provided in date_str (if applicable).
+    R"""
+    Return a datetime object from a string.
+    Supported format:
+        (now|today|yesterday|DATE)([+-]\d+(microsecond|second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)s?)?
+
+    @param format       strftime format of DATE
+    @param precision    Round the datetime object: auto|microsecond|second|minute|hour|day
+                        auto: round to the unit provided in date_str (if applicable).
     """
     auto_precision = False
     if precision == 'auto':
@@ -1731,7 +1816,7 @@ def datetime_from_str(date_str, precision='auto', format='%Y%m%d'):
     if date_str == 'yesterday':
         return today - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
     match = re.match(
-        r'(?P<start>.+)(?P<sign>[+-])(?P<time>\d+)(?P<unit>microsecond|second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)(s)?',
+        r'(?P<start>.+)(?P<sign>[+-])(?P<time>\d+)(?P<unit>microsecond|second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)s?',
         date_str)
     if match is not None:
         start_time = datetime_from_str(match.group('start'), precision, format)
@@ -1754,16 +1839,14 @@ def datetime_from_str(date_str, precision='auto', format='%Y%m%d'):
 
 
 def date_from_str(date_str, format='%Y%m%d', strict=False):
-    """
-    Return a datetime object from a string in the format YYYYMMDD or
-    (now|today|yesterday|date)[+-][0-9](microsecond|second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)(s)?
-
-    If "strict", only (now|today)[+-][0-9](day|week|month|year)(s)? is allowed
+    R"""
+    Return a date object from a string using datetime_from_str
 
-    format: string date format used to return datetime object from
+    @param strict  Restrict allowed patterns to "YYYYMMDD" and
+                   (now|today|yesterday)(-\d+(day|week|month|year)s?)?
     """
-    if strict and not re.fullmatch(r'\d{8}|(now|today)[+-]\d+(day|week|month|year)(s)?', date_str):
-        raise ValueError(f'Invalid date format {date_str}')
+    if strict and not re.fullmatch(r'\d{8}|(now|today|yesterday)(-\d+(day|week|month|year)s?)?', date_str):
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid date format "{date_str}"')
     return datetime_from_str(date_str, precision='microsecond', format=format).date()
 
 
@@ -1845,31 +1928,30 @@ def platform_name():
     return res
 
 
+@functools.cache
 def get_windows_version():
-    ''' Get Windows version. None if it's not running on Windows '''
+    ''' Get Windows version. returns () if it's not running on Windows '''
     if compat_os_name == 'nt':
         return version_tuple(platform.win32_ver()[1])
     else:
-        return None
+        return ()
 
 
 def write_string(s, out=None, encoding=None):
     assert isinstance(s, str)
     out = out or sys.stderr
 
-    from .compat import WINDOWS_VT_MODE  # Must be imported locally
-    if WINDOWS_VT_MODE:
+    if compat_os_name == 'nt' and supports_terminal_sequences(out):
         s = re.sub(r'([\r\n]+)', r' \1', s)
 
+    enc, buffer = None, out
     if 'b' in getattr(out, 'mode', ''):
-        byt = s.encode(encoding or preferredencoding(), 'ignore')
-        out.write(byt)
+        enc = encoding or preferredencoding()
     elif hasattr(out, 'buffer'):
+        buffer = out.buffer
         enc = encoding or getattr(out, 'encoding', None) or preferredencoding()
-        byt = s.encode(enc, 'ignore')
-        out.buffer.write(byt)
-    else:
-        out.write(s)
+
+    buffer.write(s.encode(enc, 'ignore') if enc else s)
     out.flush()
 
 
@@ -1888,8 +1970,8 @@ def intlist_to_bytes(xs):
     return compat_struct_pack('%dB' % len(xs), *xs)
 
 
-class LockingUnsupportedError(IOError):
-    msg = 'File locking is not supported on this platform'
+class LockingUnsupportedError(OSError):
+    msg = 'File locking is not supported'
 
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__(self.msg)
@@ -1942,7 +2024,8 @@ def _lock_file(f, exclusive, block):
         if not LockFileEx(msvcrt.get_osfhandle(f.fileno()),
                           (0x2 if exclusive else 0x0) | (0x0 if block else 0x1),
                           0, whole_low, whole_high, f._lock_file_overlapped_p):
-            raise BlockingIOError('Locking file failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())
+            # NB: No argument form of "ctypes.FormatError" does not work on PyPy
+            raise BlockingIOError(f'Locking file failed: {ctypes.FormatError(ctypes.GetLastError())!r}')
 
     def _unlock_file(f):
         assert f._lock_file_overlapped_p
@@ -2011,7 +2094,14 @@ def __enter__(self):
             self.f.close()
             raise
         if 'w' in self.mode:
-            self.f.truncate()
+            try:
+                self.f.truncate()
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno not in (
+                    errno.ESPIPE,  # Illegal seek - expected for FIFO
+                    errno.EINVAL,  # Invalid argument - expected for /dev/null
+                ):
+                    raise
         return self
 
     def unlock(self):
@@ -2038,6 +2128,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.f)
 
 
+@functools.cache
 def get_filesystem_encoding():
     encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
     return encoding if encoding is not None else 'utf-8'
@@ -2281,7 +2372,7 @@ def setproctitle(title):
         # a bytestring, but since unicode_literals turns
         # every string into a unicode string, it fails.
         return
-    title_bytes = title.encode('utf-8')
+    title_bytes = title.encode()
     buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(len(title_bytes))
     buf.value = title_bytes
     try:
@@ -2323,13 +2414,13 @@ def base_url(url):
 
 def urljoin(base, path):
     if isinstance(path, bytes):
-        path = path.decode('utf-8')
+        path = path.decode()
     if not isinstance(path, compat_str) or not path:
         return None
     if re.match(r'^(?:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+-.]*:)?//', path):
         return path
     if isinstance(base, bytes):
-        base = base.decode('utf-8')
+        base = base.decode()
     if not isinstance(base, compat_str) or not re.match(
             r'^(?:https?:)?//', base):
         return None
@@ -2486,7 +2577,7 @@ def check_executable(exe, args=[]):
     """ Checks if the given binary is installed somewhere in PATH, and returns its name.
     args can be a list of arguments for a short output (like -version) """
     try:
-        Popen([exe] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate_or_kill()
+        Popen.run([exe] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
     except OSError:
         return False
     return exe
@@ -2499,14 +2590,11 @@ def _get_exe_version_output(exe, args, *, to_screen=None):
         # STDIN should be redirected too. On UNIX-like systems, ffmpeg triggers
         # SIGTTOU if yt-dlp is run in the background.
         # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/955#issuecomment-209789656
-        out, _ = Popen(
-            [encodeArgument(exe)] + args, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).communicate_or_kill()
+        stdout, _, _ = Popen.run([encodeArgument(exe)] + args, text=True,
+                                 stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
     except OSError:
         return False
-    if isinstance(out, bytes):  # Python 2.x
-        out = out.decode('ascii', 'ignore')
-    return out
+    return stdout
 
 
 def detect_exe_version(output, version_re=None, unrecognized='present'):
@@ -2528,50 +2616,59 @@ def get_exe_version(exe, args=['--version'],
     return detect_exe_version(out, version_re, unrecognized) if out else False
 
 
+def frange(start=0, stop=None, step=1):
+    """Float range"""
+    if stop is None:
+        start, stop = 0, start
+    sign = [-1, 1][step > 0] if step else 0
+    while sign * start < sign * stop:
+        yield start
+        start += step
+
+
 class LazyList(collections.abc.Sequence):
-    ''' Lazy immutable list from an iterable
-    Note that slices of a LazyList are lists and not LazyList'''
+    """Lazy immutable list from an iterable
+    Note that slices of a LazyList are lists and not LazyList"""
 
     class IndexError(IndexError):
         pass
 
     def __init__(self, iterable, *, reverse=False, _cache=None):
-        self.__iterable = iter(iterable)
-        self.__cache = [] if _cache is None else _cache
-        self.__reversed = reverse
+        self._iterable = iter(iterable)
+        self._cache = [] if _cache is None else _cache
+        self._reversed = reverse
 
     def __iter__(self):
-        if self.__reversed:
+        if self._reversed:
             # We need to consume the entire iterable to iterate in reverse
             yield from self.exhaust()
             return
-        yield from self.__cache
-        for item in self.__iterable:
-            self.__cache.append(item)
+        yield from self._cache
+        for item in self._iterable:
+            self._cache.append(item)
             yield item
 
-    def __exhaust(self):
-        self.__cache.extend(self.__iterable)
-        # Discard the emptied iterable to make it pickle-able
-        self.__iterable = []
-        return self.__cache
+    def _exhaust(self):
+        self._cache.extend(self._iterable)
+        self._iterable = []  # Discard the emptied iterable to make it pickle-able
+        return self._cache
 
     def exhaust(self):
-        ''' Evaluate the entire iterable '''
-        return self.__exhaust()[::-1 if self.__reversed else 1]
+        """Evaluate the entire iterable"""
+        return self._exhaust()[::-1 if self._reversed else 1]
 
     @staticmethod
-    def __reverse_index(x):
+    def _reverse_index(x):
         return None if x is None else -(x + 1)
 
     def __getitem__(self, idx):
         if isinstance(idx, slice):
-            if self.__reversed:
-                idx = slice(self.__reverse_index(idx.start), self.__reverse_index(idx.stop), -(idx.step or 1))
+            if self._reversed:
+                idx = slice(self._reverse_index(idx.start), self._reverse_index(idx.stop), -(idx.step or 1))
             start, stop, step = idx.start, idx.stop, idx.step or 1
         elif isinstance(idx, int):
-            if self.__reversed:
-                idx = self.__reverse_index(idx)
+            if self._reversed:
+                idx = self._reverse_index(idx)
             start, stop, step = idx, idx, 0
         else:
             raise TypeError('indices must be integers or slices')
@@ -2580,35 +2677,35 @@ def __getitem__(self, idx):
                 or (stop is None and step > 0)):
             # We need to consume the entire iterable to be able to slice from the end
             # Obviously, never use this with infinite iterables
-            self.__exhaust()
+            self._exhaust()
             try:
-                return self.__cache[idx]
+                return self._cache[idx]
             except IndexError as e:
                 raise self.IndexError(e) from e
-        n = max(start or 0, stop or 0) - len(self.__cache) + 1
+        n = max(start or 0, stop or 0) - len(self._cache) + 1
         if n > 0:
-            self.__cache.extend(itertools.islice(self.__iterable, n))
+            self._cache.extend(itertools.islice(self._iterable, n))
         try:
-            return self.__cache[idx]
+            return self._cache[idx]
         except IndexError as e:
             raise self.IndexError(e) from e
 
     def __bool__(self):
         try:
-            self[-1] if self.__reversed else self[0]
+            self[-1] if self._reversed else self[0]
         except self.IndexError:
             return False
         return True
 
     def __len__(self):
-        self.__exhaust()
-        return len(self.__cache)
+        self._exhaust()
+        return len(self._cache)
 
     def __reversed__(self):
-        return type(self)(self.__iterable, reverse=not self.__reversed, _cache=self.__cache)
+        return type(self)(self._iterable, reverse=not self._reversed, _cache=self._cache)
 
     def __copy__(self):
-        return type(self)(self.__iterable, reverse=self.__reversed, _cache=self.__cache)
+        return type(self)(self._iterable, reverse=self._reversed, _cache=self._cache)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         # repr and str should mimic a list. So we exhaust the iterable
@@ -2725,6 +2822,138 @@ def _getslice(self, start, end):
             yield from page_results
 
 
+class PlaylistEntries:
+    MissingEntry = object()
+    is_exhausted = False
+
+    def __init__(self, ydl, info_dict):
+        self.ydl = ydl
+
+        # _entries must be assigned now since infodict can change during iteration
+        entries = info_dict.get('entries')
+        if entries is None:
+            raise EntryNotInPlaylist('There are no entries')
+        elif isinstance(entries, list):
+            self.is_exhausted = True
+
+        requested_entries = info_dict.get('requested_entries')
+        self.is_incomplete = bool(requested_entries)
+        if self.is_incomplete:
+            assert self.is_exhausted
+            self._entries = [self.MissingEntry] * max(requested_entries)
+            for i, entry in zip(requested_entries, entries):
+                self._entries[i - 1] = entry
+        elif isinstance(entries, (list, PagedList, LazyList)):
+            self._entries = entries
+        else:
+            self._entries = LazyList(entries)
+
+    PLAYLIST_ITEMS_RE = re.compile(r'''(?x)
+        (?P<start>[+-]?\d+)?
+        (?P<range>[:-]
+            (?P<end>[+-]?\d+|inf(?:inite)?)?
+            (?::(?P<step>[+-]?\d+))?
+        )?''')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_playlist_items(cls, string):
+        for segment in string.split(','):
+            if not segment:
+                raise ValueError('There is two or more consecutive commas')
+            mobj = cls.PLAYLIST_ITEMS_RE.fullmatch(segment)
+            if not mobj:
+                raise ValueError(f'{segment!r} is not a valid specification')
+            start, end, step, has_range = mobj.group('start', 'end', 'step', 'range')
+            if int_or_none(step) == 0:
+                raise ValueError(f'Step in {segment!r} cannot be zero')
+            yield slice(int_or_none(start), float_or_none(end), int_or_none(step)) if has_range else int(start)
+
+    def get_requested_items(self):
+        playlist_items = self.ydl.params.get('playlist_items')
+        playlist_start = self.ydl.params.get('playliststart', 1)
+        playlist_end = self.ydl.params.get('playlistend')
+        # For backwards compatibility, interpret -1 as whole list
+        if playlist_end in (-1, None):
+            playlist_end = ''
+        if not playlist_items:
+            playlist_items = f'{playlist_start}:{playlist_end}'
+        elif playlist_start != 1 or playlist_end:
+            self.ydl.report_warning('Ignoring playliststart and playlistend because playlistitems was given', only_once=True)
+
+        for index in self.parse_playlist_items(playlist_items):
+            for i, entry in self[index]:
+                yield i, entry
+                try:
+                    # TODO: Add auto-generated fields
+                    self.ydl._match_entry(entry, incomplete=True, silent=True)
+                except (ExistingVideoReached, RejectedVideoReached):
+                    return
+
+    def get_full_count(self):
+        if self.is_exhausted and not self.is_incomplete:
+            return len(self)
+        elif isinstance(self._entries, InAdvancePagedList):
+            if self._entries._pagesize == 1:
+                return self._entries._pagecount
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _getter(self):
+        if isinstance(self._entries, list):
+            def get_entry(i):
+                try:
+                    entry = self._entries[i]
+                except IndexError:
+                    entry = self.MissingEntry
+                    if not self.is_incomplete:
+                        raise self.IndexError()
+                if entry is self.MissingEntry:
+                    raise EntryNotInPlaylist(f'Entry {i} cannot be found')
+                return entry
+        else:
+            def get_entry(i):
+                try:
+                    return type(self.ydl)._handle_extraction_exceptions(lambda _, i: self._entries[i])(self.ydl, i)
+                except (LazyList.IndexError, PagedList.IndexError):
+                    raise self.IndexError()
+        return get_entry
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        if isinstance(idx, int):
+            idx = slice(idx, idx)
+
+        # NB: PlaylistEntries[1:10] => (0, 1, ... 9)
+        step = 1 if idx.step is None else idx.step
+        if idx.start is None:
+            start = 0 if step > 0 else len(self) - 1
+        else:
+            start = idx.start - 1 if idx.start >= 0 else len(self) + idx.start
+
+        # NB: Do not call len(self) when idx == [:]
+        if idx.stop is None:
+            stop = 0 if step < 0 else float('inf')
+        else:
+            stop = idx.stop - 1 if idx.stop >= 0 else len(self) + idx.stop
+        stop += [-1, 1][step > 0]
+
+        for i in frange(start, stop, step):
+            if i < 0:
+                continue
+            try:
+                entry = self._getter(i)
+            except self.IndexError:
+                self.is_exhausted = True
+                if step > 0:
+                    break
+                continue
+            yield i + 1, entry
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(tuple(self[:]))
+
+    class IndexError(IndexError):
+        pass
+
+
 def uppercase_escape(s):
     unicode_escape = codecs.getdecoder('unicode_escape')
     return re.sub(
@@ -2822,9 +3051,9 @@ def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
     for k, v in data.items():
         out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'\r\n'
         if isinstance(k, compat_str):
-            k = k.encode('utf-8')
+            k = k.encode()
         if isinstance(v, compat_str):
-            v = v.encode('utf-8')
+            v = v.encode()
         # RFC 2047 requires non-ASCII field names to be encoded, while RFC 7578
         # suggests sending UTF-8 directly. Firefox sends UTF-8, too
         content = b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + k + b'"\r\n\r\n' + v + b'\r\n'
@@ -2928,7 +3157,7 @@ def encode_compat_str(string, encoding=preferredencoding(), errors='strict'):
 
 def parse_age_limit(s):
     # isinstance(False, int) is True. So type() must be used instead
-    if type(s) is int:
+    if type(s) is int:  # noqa: E721
         return s if 0 <= s <= 21 else None
     elif not isinstance(s, str):
         return None
@@ -2991,7 +3220,11 @@ def fix_kv(m):
 
         return '"%s"' % v
 
+    def create_map(mobj):
+        return json.dumps(dict(json.loads(js_to_json(mobj.group(1) or '[]', vars=vars))))
+
     code = re.sub(r'new Date\((".+")\)', r'\g<1>', code)
+    code = re.sub(r'new Map\((\[.*?\])?\)', create_map, code)
 
     return re.sub(r'''(?sx)
         "(?:[^"\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^"\\]*"|
@@ -3014,7 +3247,7 @@ def q(qid):
     return q
 
 
-POSTPROCESS_WHEN = ('pre_process', 'after_filter', 'before_dl', 'after_move', 'post_process', 'after_video', 'playlist')
+POSTPROCESS_WHEN = ('pre_process', 'after_filter', 'before_dl', 'post_process', 'after_move', 'after_video', 'playlist')
 
 
 DEFAULT_OUTTMPL = {
@@ -3252,14 +3485,13 @@ def is_html(first_bytes):
         (b'\xff\xfe', 'utf-16-le'),
         (b'\xfe\xff', 'utf-16-be'),
     ]
+
+    encoding = 'utf-8'
     for bom, enc in BOMS:
-        if first_bytes.startswith(bom):
-            s = first_bytes[len(bom):].decode(enc, 'replace')
-            break
-    else:
-        s = first_bytes.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        while first_bytes.startswith(bom):
+            encoding, first_bytes = enc, first_bytes[len(bom):]
 
-    return re.match(r'^\s*<', s)
+    return re.match(r'^\s*<', first_bytes.decode(encoding, 'replace'))
 
 
 def determine_protocol(info_dict):
@@ -3338,16 +3570,15 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
     else:
         is_incomplete = lambda k: k in incomplete
 
-    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
+    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
         (?P<key>[a-z_]+)
         \s*(?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
         (?:
             (?P<quote>["\'])(?P<quotedstrval>.+?)(?P=quote)|
             (?P<strval>.+?)
         )
-        \s*$
         ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, COMPARISON_OPERATORS.keys())))
-    m = operator_rex.search(filter_part)
+    m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
     if m:
         m = m.groupdict()
         unnegated_op = COMPARISON_OPERATORS[m['op']]
@@ -3383,11 +3614,10 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
         '': lambda v: (v is True) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is not None),
         '!': lambda v: (v is False) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is None),
     }
-    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
+    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
         (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
-        \s*$
         ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, UNARY_OPERATORS.keys())))
-    m = operator_rex.search(filter_part)
+    m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
     if m:
         op = UNARY_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
         actual_value = dct.get(m.group('key'))
@@ -3429,6 +3659,23 @@ def _match_func(info_dict, incomplete=False):
     return _match_func
 
 
+def download_range_func(chapters, ranges):
+    def inner(info_dict, ydl):
+        warning = ('There are no chapters matching the regex' if info_dict.get('chapters')
+                   else 'Cannot match chapters since chapter information is unavailable')
+        for regex in chapters or []:
+            for i, chapter in enumerate(info_dict.get('chapters') or []):
+                if re.search(regex, chapter['title']):
+                    warning = None
+                    yield {**chapter, 'index': i}
+        if chapters and warning:
+            ydl.to_screen(f'[info] {info_dict["id"]}: {warning}')
+
+        yield from ({'start_time': start, 'end_time': end} for start, end in ranges or [])
+
+    return inner
+
+
 def parse_dfxp_time_expr(time_expr):
     if not time_expr:
         return
@@ -3615,26 +3862,21 @@ def parse_node(node):
     return ''.join(out)
 
 
-def cli_option(params, command_option, param):
+def cli_option(params, command_option, param, separator=None):
     param = params.get(param)
-    if param:
-        param = compat_str(param)
-    return [command_option, param] if param is not None else []
+    return ([] if param is None
+            else [command_option, str(param)] if separator is None
+            else [f'{command_option}{separator}{param}'])
 
 
 def cli_bool_option(params, command_option, param, true_value='true', false_value='false', separator=None):
     param = params.get(param)
-    if param is None:
-        return []
-    assert isinstance(param, bool)
-    if separator:
-        return [command_option + separator + (true_value if param else false_value)]
-    return [command_option, true_value if param else false_value]
+    assert param in (True, False, None)
+    return cli_option({True: true_value, False: false_value}, command_option, param, separator)
 
 
 def cli_valueless_option(params, command_option, param, expected_value=True):
-    param = params.get(param)
-    return [command_option] if param == expected_value else []
+    return [command_option] if params.get(param) == expected_value else []
 
 
 def cli_configuration_args(argdict, keys, default=[], use_compat=True):
@@ -4127,6 +4369,9 @@ class ISO3166Utils:
         'YE': 'Yemen',
         'ZM': 'Zambia',
         'ZW': 'Zimbabwe',
+        # Not ISO 3166 codes, but used for IP blocks
+        'AP': 'Asia/Pacific Region',
+        'EU': 'Europe',
     }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -4503,22 +4748,42 @@ def pkcs1pad(data, length):
     return [0, 2] + pseudo_random + [0] + data
 
 
-def encode_base_n(num, n, table=None):
-    FULL_TABLE = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
-    if not table:
-        table = FULL_TABLE[:n]
+def _base_n_table(n, table):
+    if not table and not n:
+        raise ValueError('Either table or n must be specified')
+    table = (table or '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')[:n]
+
+    if n != len(table):
+        raise ValueError(f'base {n} exceeds table length {len(table)}')
+    return table
 
-    if n > len(table):
-        raise ValueError('base %d exceeds table length %d' % (n, len(table)))
 
-    if num == 0:
+def encode_base_n(num, n=None, table=None):
+    """Convert given int to a base-n string"""
+    table = _base_n_table(n, table)
+    if not num:
         return table[0]
 
-    ret = ''
+    result, base = '', len(table)
     while num:
-        ret = table[num % n] + ret
-        num = num // n
-    return ret
+        result = table[num % base] + result
+        num = num // base
+    return result
+
+
+def decode_base_n(string, n=None, table=None):
+    """Convert given base-n string to int"""
+    table = {char: index for index, char in enumerate(_base_n_table(n, table))}
+    result, base = 0, len(table)
+    for char in string:
+        result = result * base + table[char]
+    return result
+
+
+def decode_base(value, digits):
+    write_string('DeprecationWarning: yt_dlp.utils.decode_base is deprecated '
+                 'and may be removed in a future version. Use yt_dlp.decode_base_n instead')
+    return decode_base_n(value, table=digits)
 
 
 def decode_packed_codes(code):
@@ -4713,16 +4978,15 @@ def write_xattr(path, key, value):
             'Couldn\'t find a tool to set the xattrs. Install either the python "xattr" or "pyxattr" modules or the '
             + ('"xattr" binary' if sys.platform != 'linux' else 'GNU "attr" package (which contains the "setfattr" tool)'))
 
-    value = value.decode('utf-8')
+    value = value.decode()
     try:
-        p = Popen(
+        _, stderr, returncode = Popen.run(
             [exe, '-w', key, value, path] if exe == 'xattr' else [exe, '-n', key, '-v', value, path],
-            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+            text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
     except OSError as e:
         raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
-    stderr = p.communicate_or_kill()[1].decode('utf-8', 'replace')
-    if p.returncode:
-        raise XAttrMetadataError(p.returncode, stderr)
+    if returncode:
+        raise XAttrMetadataError(returncode, stderr)
 
 
 def random_birthday(year_field, month_field, day_field):
@@ -4792,7 +5056,7 @@ def iri_to_uri(iri):
             net_location += ':' + urllib.parse.quote(iri_parts.password, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,~")
         net_location += '@'
 
-    net_location += iri_parts.hostname.encode('idna').decode('utf-8')  # Punycode for Unicode hostnames.
+    net_location += iri_parts.hostname.encode('idna').decode()  # Punycode for Unicode hostnames.
     # The 'idna' encoding produces ASCII text.
     if iri_parts.port is not None and iri_parts.port != 80:
         net_location += ':' + str(iri_parts.port)
@@ -4822,11 +5086,11 @@ def to_high_limit_path(path):
     return path
 
 
-def format_field(obj, field=None, template='%s', ignore=(None, ''), default='', func=None):
+def format_field(obj, field=None, template='%s', ignore=NO_DEFAULT, default='', func=IDENTITY):
     val = traverse_obj(obj, *variadic(field))
-    if val in ignore:
+    if (not val and val != 0) if ignore is NO_DEFAULT else val in variadic(ignore):
         return default
-    return template % (func(val) if func else val)
+    return template % func(val)
 
 
 def clean_podcast_url(url):
@@ -4866,14 +5130,9 @@ def make_dir(path, to_screen=None):
 
 
 def get_executable_path():
-    from zipimport import zipimporter
-    if hasattr(sys, 'frozen'):  # Running from PyInstaller
-        path = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
-    elif isinstance(__loader__, zipimporter):  # Running from ZIP
-        path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../..')
-    else:
-        path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
-    return os.path.abspath(path)
+    from .update import _get_variant_and_executable_path
+
+    return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(_get_variant_and_executable_path()[1]))
 
 
 def load_plugins(name, suffix, namespace):
@@ -4972,10 +5231,8 @@ def _traverse_obj(obj, path, _current_depth=0):
 
     if isinstance(expected_type, type):
         type_test = lambda val: val if isinstance(val, expected_type) else None
-    elif expected_type is not None:
-        type_test = expected_type
     else:
-        type_test = lambda val: val
+        type_test = expected_type or IDENTITY
 
     for path in path_list:
         depth = 0
@@ -5008,17 +5265,6 @@ def variadic(x, allowed_types=(str, bytes, dict)):
     return x if isinstance(x, collections.abc.Iterable) and not isinstance(x, allowed_types) else (x,)
 
 
-def decode_base(value, digits):
-    # This will convert given base-x string to scalar (long or int)
-    table = {char: index for index, char in enumerate(digits)}
-    result = 0
-    base = len(digits)
-    for chr in value:
-        result *= base
-        result += table[chr]
-    return result
-
-
 def time_seconds(**kwargs):
     t = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(**kwargs)))
     return t.timestamp()
@@ -5035,9 +5281,9 @@ def jwt_encode_hs256(payload_data, key, headers={}):
     }
     if headers:
         header_data.update(headers)
-    header_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(header_data).encode('utf-8'))
-    payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(payload_data).encode('utf-8'))
-    h = hmac.new(key.encode('utf-8'), header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64, hashlib.sha256)
+    header_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(header_data).encode())
+    payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(payload_data).encode())
+    h = hmac.new(key.encode(), header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64, hashlib.sha256)
     signature_b64 = base64.b64encode(h.digest())
     token = header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
     return token
@@ -5050,10 +5296,13 @@ def jwt_decode_hs256(jwt):
     return payload_data
 
 
+WINDOWS_VT_MODE = False if compat_os_name == 'nt' else None
+
+
+@functools.cache
 def supports_terminal_sequences(stream):
     if compat_os_name == 'nt':
-        from .compat import WINDOWS_VT_MODE  # Must be imported locally
-        if not WINDOWS_VT_MODE or get_windows_version() < (10, 0, 10586):
+        if not WINDOWS_VT_MODE:
             return False
     elif not os.getenv('TERM'):
         return False
@@ -5063,6 +5312,19 @@ def supports_terminal_sequences(stream):
         return False
 
 
+def windows_enable_vt_mode():  # TODO: Do this the proper way https://bugs.python.org/issue30075
+    if get_windows_version() < (10, 0, 10586):
+        return
+    global WINDOWS_VT_MODE
+    try:
+        Popen.run('', shell=True)
+    except Exception:
+        return
+
+    WINDOWS_VT_MODE = True
+    supports_terminal_sequences.cache_clear()
+
+
 _terminal_sequences_re = re.compile('\033\\[[^m]+m')
 
 
@@ -5076,7 +5338,7 @@ def number_of_digits(number):
 
 def join_nonempty(*values, delim='-', from_dict=None):
     if from_dict is not None:
-        values = map(from_dict.get, values)
+        values = (traverse_obj(from_dict, variadic(v)) for v in values)
     return delim.join(map(str, filter(None, values)))
 
 
@@ -5112,13 +5374,20 @@ def parse_http_range(range):
     return int(crg.group(1)), int_or_none(crg.group(2)), int_or_none(crg.group(3))
 
 
+def read_stdin(what):
+    eof = 'Ctrl+Z' if compat_os_name == 'nt' else 'Ctrl+D'
+    write_string(f'Reading {what} from STDIN - EOF ({eof}) to end:\n')
+    return sys.stdin
+
+
 class Config:
     own_args = None
+    parsed_args = None
     filename = None
     __initialized = False
 
     def __init__(self, parser, label=None):
-        self._parser, self.label = parser, label
+        self.parser, self.label = parser, label
         self._loaded_paths, self.configs = set(), []
 
     def init(self, args=None, filename=None):
@@ -5131,14 +5400,19 @@ def init(self, args=None, filename=None):
                 return False
             self._loaded_paths.add(location)
 
-        self.__initialized = True
-        self.own_args, self.filename = args, filename
-        for location in self._parser.parse_args(args)[0].config_locations or []:
+        self.own_args, self.__initialized = args, True
+        opts, _ = self.parser.parse_known_args(args)
+        self.parsed_args, self.filename = args, filename
+
+        for location in opts.config_locations or []:
+            if location == '-':
+                self.append_config(shlex.split(read_stdin('options'), comments=True), label='stdin')
+                continue
             location = os.path.join(directory, expand_path(location))
             if os.path.isdir(location):
                 location = os.path.join(location, 'yt-dlp.conf')
             if not os.path.exists(location):
-                self._parser.error(f'config location {location} does not exist')
+                self.parser.error(f'config location {location} does not exist')
             self.append_config(self.read_file(location), location)
         return True
 
@@ -5161,6 +5435,8 @@ def read_file(filename, default=[]):
             # FIXME: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/dfe5fa49aed02cf36ba9f743b11b0903554b5e56
             contents = optionf.read()
             res = shlex.split(contents, comments=True)
+        except Exception as err:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unable to parse "{filename}": {err}')
         finally:
             optionf.close()
         return res
@@ -5184,7 +5460,7 @@ def _scrub_eq(o):
         return opts
 
     def append_config(self, *args, label=None):
-        config = type(self)(self._parser, label)
+        config = type(self)(self.parser, label)
         config._loaded_paths = self._loaded_paths
         if config.init(*args):
             self.configs.append(config)
@@ -5193,10 +5469,13 @@ def append_config(self, *args, label=None):
     def all_args(self):
         for config in reversed(self.configs):
             yield from config.all_args
-        yield from self.own_args or []
+        yield from self.parsed_args or []
+
+    def parse_known_args(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.parser.parse_known_args(self.all_args, **kwargs)
 
     def parse_args(self):
-        return self._parser.parse_args(self.all_args)
+        return self.parser.parse_args(self.all_args)
 
 
 class WebSocketsWrapper():
@@ -5276,15 +5555,25 @@ def merge_headers(*dicts):
 
 
 class classproperty:
-    def __init__(self, f):
-        self.f = f
+    """classmethod(property(func)) that works in py < 3.9"""
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
+        self.func = func
 
     def __get__(self, _, cls):
-        return self.f(cls)
+        return self.func(cls)
+
 
+class Namespace(types.SimpleNamespace):
+    """Immutable namespace"""
 
-def Namespace(**kwargs):
-    return collections.namedtuple('Namespace', kwargs)(**kwargs)
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.__dict__.values())
+
+    @property
+    def items_(self):
+        return self.__dict__.items()
 
 
 # Deprecated