]> jfr.im git - yt-dlp.git/blobdiff - test/test_networking.py
[misc] Cleanup (#9765)
[yt-dlp.git] / test / test_networking.py
index e4e66dce18399c1b500046053eb585f6659ff796..d127cbb94c46d3a8454bc5d415fce78d2e8acc21 100644 (file)
@@ -3,40 +3,80 @@
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
-import unittest
+
+import pytest
+
+from yt_dlp.networking.common import Features, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import gzip
+import http.client
 import http.cookiejar
 import http.server
 import io
+import logging
 import pathlib
+import random
 import ssl
 import tempfile
 import threading
+import time
 import urllib.error
 import urllib.request
+import warnings
 import zlib
-
-from test.helper import http_server_port
-from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
-from yt_dlp.dependencies import brotli
-from yt_dlp.utils import sanitized_Request, urlencode_postdata
-
-from .helper import FakeYDL
+from email.message import Message
+from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
+
+from test.helper import (
+    FakeYDL,
+    http_server_port,
+    validate_and_send,
+    verify_address_availability,
+)
+from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
+from yt_dlp.dependencies import brotli, curl_cffi, requests, urllib3
+from yt_dlp.networking import (
+    HEADRequest,
+    PUTRequest,
+    Request,
+    RequestDirector,
+    RequestHandler,
+    Response,
+)
+from yt_dlp.networking._urllib import UrllibRH
+from yt_dlp.networking.exceptions import (
+    CertificateVerifyError,
+    HTTPError,
+    IncompleteRead,
+    NoSupportingHandlers,
+    ProxyError,
+    RequestError,
+    SSLError,
+    TransportError,
+    UnsupportedRequest,
+)
+from yt_dlp.networking.impersonate import (
+    ImpersonateRequestHandler,
+    ImpersonateTarget,
+)
+from yt_dlp.utils import YoutubeDLError
+from yt_dlp.utils._utils import _YDLLogger as FakeLogger
+from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict, std_headers
 
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
 
 class HTTPTestRequestHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
     protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
+    default_request_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
     def log_message(self, format, *args):
         pass
 
     def _headers(self):
-        payload = str(self.headers).encode('utf-8')
+        payload = str(self.headers).encode()
         self.send_response(200)
         self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/json')
         self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
@@ -68,9 +108,11 @@ def _status(self, status):
     def _read_data(self):
         if 'Content-Length' in self.headers:
             return self.rfile.read(int(self.headers['Content-Length']))
+        else:
+            return b''
 
     def do_POST(self):
-        data = self._read_data()
+        data = self._read_data() + str(self.headers).encode()
         if self.path.startswith('/redirect_'):
             self._redirect()
         elif self.path.startswith('/method'):
@@ -89,7 +131,7 @@ def do_HEAD(self):
             self._status(404)
 
     def do_PUT(self):
-        data = self._read_data()
+        data = self._read_data() + str(self.headers).encode()
         if self.path.startswith('/redirect_'):
             self._redirect()
         elif self.path.startswith('/method'):
@@ -102,7 +144,7 @@ def do_GET(self):
             payload = b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
             self.send_response(200)
             self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
-            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))  # required for persistent connections
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(payload)
         elif self.path == '/vid.mp4':
@@ -126,15 +168,33 @@ def do_GET(self):
             self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(payload)
+        elif self.path.startswith('/redirect_loop'):
+            self.send_response(301)
+            self.send_header('Location', self.path)
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
+            self.end_headers()
+        elif self.path == '/redirect_dotsegments':
+            self.send_response(301)
+            # redirect to /headers but with dot segments before
+            self.send_header('Location', '/a/b/./../../headers')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
+            self.end_headers()
+        elif self.path == '/redirect_dotsegments_absolute':
+            self.send_response(301)
+            # redirect to /headers but with dot segments before - absolute url
+            self.send_header('Location', f'http://127.0.0.1:{http_server_port(self.server)}/a/b/./../../headers')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
+            self.end_headers()
         elif self.path.startswith('/redirect_'):
             self._redirect()
         elif self.path.startswith('/method'):
-            self._method('GET')
+            self._method('GET', str(self.headers).encode())
         elif self.path.startswith('/headers'):
             self._headers()
         elif self.path.startswith('/308-to-headers'):
             self.send_response(308)
-            self.send_header('Location', '/headers')
+            # redirect to "localhost" for testing cookie redirection handling
+            self.send_header('Location', f'http://localhost:{self.connection.getsockname()[1]}/headers')
             self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
         elif self.path == '/trailing_garbage':
@@ -179,7 +239,32 @@ def do_GET(self):
             self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(payload)
-
+        elif self.path.startswith('/gen_'):
+            payload = b'<html></html>'
+            self.send_response(int(self.path[len('/gen_'):]))
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(payload)
+        elif self.path.startswith('/incompleteread'):
+            payload = b'<html></html>'
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '234234')
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(payload)
+            self.finish()
+        elif self.path.startswith('/timeout_'):
+            time.sleep(int(self.path[len('/timeout_'):]))
+            self._headers()
+        elif self.path == '/source_address':
+            payload = str(self.client_address[0]).encode()
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(payload)
+            self.finish()
         else:
             self._status(404)
 
@@ -198,334 +283,1700 @@ def send_header(self, keyword, value):
         self._headers_buffer.append(f'{keyword}: {value}\r\n'.encode())
 
 
-class FakeLogger:
-    def debug(self, msg):
-        pass
-
-    def warning(self, msg):
-        pass
-
-    def error(self, msg):
-        pass
-
-
-class TestHTTP(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        # HTTP server
-        self.http_httpd = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(
+class TestRequestHandlerBase:
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        cls.http_httpd = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(
             ('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
-        self.http_port = http_server_port(self.http_httpd)
-        self.http_server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.http_httpd.serve_forever)
+        cls.http_port = http_server_port(cls.http_httpd)
+        cls.http_server_thread = threading.Thread(target=cls.http_httpd.serve_forever)
         # FIXME: we should probably stop the http server thread after each test
         # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/7094#discussion_r1199746041
-        self.http_server_thread.daemon = True
-        self.http_server_thread.start()
+        cls.http_server_thread.daemon = True
+        cls.http_server_thread.start()
 
         # HTTPS server
         certfn = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testcert.pem')
-        self.https_httpd = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(
+        cls.https_httpd = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(
             ('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
         sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
         sslctx.load_cert_chain(certfn, None)
-        self.https_httpd.socket = sslctx.wrap_socket(self.https_httpd.socket, server_side=True)
-        self.https_port = http_server_port(self.https_httpd)
-        self.https_server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.https_httpd.serve_forever)
-        self.https_server_thread.daemon = True
-        self.https_server_thread.start()
-
-    def test_nocheckcertificate(self):
-        with FakeYDL({'logger': FakeLogger()}) as ydl:
-            with self.assertRaises(urllib.error.URLError):
-                ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.https_port}/headers'))
-
-        with FakeYDL({'logger': FakeLogger(), 'nocheckcertificate': True}) as ydl:
-            r = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.https_port}/headers'))
-            self.assertEqual(r.status, 200)
+        cls.https_httpd.socket = sslctx.wrap_socket(cls.https_httpd.socket, server_side=True)
+        cls.https_port = http_server_port(cls.https_httpd)
+        cls.https_server_thread = threading.Thread(target=cls.https_httpd.serve_forever)
+        cls.https_server_thread.daemon = True
+        cls.https_server_thread.start()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+class TestHTTPRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
+
+    def test_verify_cert(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(CertificateVerifyError):
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.https_port}/headers'))
+
+        with handler(verify=False) as rh:
+            r = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.https_port}/headers'))
+            assert r.status == 200
             r.close()
 
-    def test_percent_encode(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+    def test_ssl_error(self, handler):
+        # HTTPS server with too old TLS version
+        # XXX: is there a better way to test this than to create a new server?
+        https_httpd = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(
+            ('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
+        sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+        https_httpd.socket = sslctx.wrap_socket(https_httpd.socket, server_side=True)
+        https_port = http_server_port(https_httpd)
+        https_server_thread = threading.Thread(target=https_httpd.serve_forever)
+        https_server_thread.daemon = True
+        https_server_thread.start()
+
+        with handler(verify=False) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(SSLError, match=r'(?i)ssl(?:v3|/tls).alert.handshake.failure') as exc_info:
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{https_port}/headers'))
+            assert not issubclass(exc_info.type, CertificateVerifyError)
+
+    def test_percent_encode(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
             # Unicode characters should be encoded with uppercase percent-encoding
-            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/中文.html'))
-            self.assertEqual(res.status, 200)
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/中文.html'))
+            assert res.status == 200
             res.close()
             # don't normalize existing percent encodings
-            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/%c7%9f'))
-            self.assertEqual(res.status, 200)
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/%c7%9f'))
+            assert res.status == 200
             res.close()
 
-    def test_unicode_path_redirection(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            r = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/302-non-ascii-redirect'))
-            self.assertEqual(r.url, f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87.html')
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('path', [
+        '/a/b/./../../headers',
+        '/redirect_dotsegments',
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9020
+        '/redirect_dotsegments_absolute',
+    ])
+    def test_remove_dot_segments(self, handler, path):
+        with handler(verbose=True) as rh:
+            # This isn't a comprehensive test,
+            # but it should be enough to check whether the handler is removing dot segments in required scenarios
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}{path}'))
+            assert res.status == 200
+            assert res.url == f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers'
+            res.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi (non-standard)')
+    def test_unicode_path_redirection(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            r = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/302-non-ascii-redirect'))
+            assert r.url == f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87.html'
             r.close()
 
-    def test_redirect(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            def do_req(redirect_status, method):
-                data = b'testdata' if method in ('POST', 'PUT') else None
-                res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(
-                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/redirect_{redirect_status}', method=method, data=data))
-                return res.read().decode('utf-8'), res.headers.get('method', '')
-
-            # A 303 must either use GET or HEAD for subsequent request
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(303, 'POST'), ('', 'GET'))
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(303, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
-
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(303, 'PUT'), ('', 'GET'))
-
-            # 301 and 302 turn POST only into a GET
-            # XXX: we should also test if the Content-Type and Content-Length headers are removed
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(301, 'POST'), ('', 'GET'))
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(301, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(302, 'POST'), ('', 'GET'))
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(302, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
-
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(301, 'PUT'), ('testdata', 'PUT'))
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(302, 'PUT'), ('testdata', 'PUT'))
-
-            # 307 and 308 should not change method
-            for m in ('POST', 'PUT'):
-                self.assertEqual(do_req(307, m), ('testdata', m))
-                self.assertEqual(do_req(308, m), ('testdata', m))
-
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(307, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
-            self.assertEqual(do_req(308, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
-
-            # These should not redirect and instead raise an HTTPError
-            for code in (300, 304, 305, 306):
-                with self.assertRaises(urllib.error.HTTPError):
-                    do_req(code, 'GET')
-
-    def test_content_type(self):
-        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/379a4f161d4ad3e40932dcf5aca6e6fb9715ab28
-        with FakeYDL({'nocheckcertificate': True}) as ydl:
-            # method should be auto-detected as POST
-            r = sanitized_Request(f'https://localhost:{self.https_port}/headers', data=urlencode_postdata({'test': 'test'}))
-
-            headers = ydl.urlopen(r).read().decode('utf-8')
-            self.assertIn('Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded', headers)
-
-            # test http
-            r = sanitized_Request(f'http://localhost:{self.http_port}/headers', data=urlencode_postdata({'test': 'test'}))
-            headers = ydl.urlopen(r).read().decode('utf-8')
-            self.assertIn('Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded', headers)
-
-    def test_cookiejar(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(http.cookiejar.Cookie(
-                0, 'test', 'ytdlp', None, False, '127.0.0.1', True,
-                False, '/headers', True, False, None, False, None, None, {}))
-            data = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers')).read()
-            self.assertIn(b'Cookie: test=ytdlp', data)
+    def test_raise_http_error(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            for bad_status in (400, 500, 599, 302):
+                with pytest.raises(HTTPError):
+                    validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/gen_%d' % (self.http_port, bad_status)))
+
+            # Should not raise an error
+            validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/gen_200' % self.http_port)).close()
 
-    def test_passed_cookie_header(self):
+    def test_response_url(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            # Response url should be that of the last url in redirect chain
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/redirect_301'))
+            assert res.url == f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/method'
+            res.close()
+            res2 = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200'))
+            assert res2.url == f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200'
+            res2.close()
+
+    # Covers some basic cases we expect some level of consistency between request handlers for
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('redirect_status,method,expected', [
+        # A 303 must either use GET or HEAD for subsequent request
+        (303, 'POST', ('', 'GET', False)),
+        (303, 'HEAD', ('', 'HEAD', False)),
+
+        # 301 and 302 turn POST only into a GET
+        (301, 'POST', ('', 'GET', False)),
+        (301, 'HEAD', ('', 'HEAD', False)),
+        (302, 'POST', ('', 'GET', False)),
+        (302, 'HEAD', ('', 'HEAD', False)),
+
+        # 307 and 308 should not change method
+        (307, 'POST', ('testdata', 'POST', True)),
+        (308, 'POST', ('testdata', 'POST', True)),
+        (307, 'HEAD', ('', 'HEAD', False)),
+        (308, 'HEAD', ('', 'HEAD', False)),
+    ])
+    def test_redirect(self, handler, redirect_status, method, expected):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            data = b'testdata' if method == 'POST' else None
+            headers = {}
+            if data is not None:
+                headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/test'
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/redirect_{redirect_status}', method=method, data=data,
+                            headers=headers))
+
+            headers = b''
+            data_recv = b''
+            if data is not None:
+                data_recv += res.read(len(data))
+                if data_recv != data:
+                    headers += data_recv
+                    data_recv = b''
+
+            headers += res.read()
+
+            assert expected[0] == data_recv.decode()
+            assert expected[1] == res.headers.get('method')
+            assert expected[2] == ('content-length' in headers.decode().lower())
+
+    def test_request_cookie_header(self, handler):
         # We should accept a Cookie header being passed as in normal headers and handle it appropriately.
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+        with handler() as rh:
             # Specified Cookie header should be used
-            res = ydl.urlopen(
-                sanitized_Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers',
-                                  headers={'Cookie': 'test=test'})).read().decode('utf-8')
-            self.assertIn('Cookie: test=test', res)
-
-            # Specified Cookie header should be removed on any redirect
-            res = ydl.urlopen(
-                sanitized_Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/308-to-headers', headers={'Cookie': 'test=test'})).read().decode('utf-8')
-            self.assertNotIn('Cookie: test=test', res)
-
-            # Specified Cookie header should override global cookiejar for that request
-            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(http.cookiejar.Cookie(
-                version=0, name='test', value='ytdlp', port=None, port_specified=False,
-                domain='127.0.0.1', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=False, path='/',
-                path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=None, discard=False, comment=None,
-                comment_url=None, rest={}))
-
-            data = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', headers={'Cookie': 'test=test'})).read()
-            self.assertNotIn(b'Cookie: test=ytdlp', data)
-            self.assertIn(b'Cookie: test=test', data)
-
-    def test_no_compression_compat_header(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            data = ydl.urlopen(
-                sanitized_Request(
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(
                     f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers',
-                    headers={'Youtubedl-no-compression': True})).read()
-            self.assertIn(b'Accept-Encoding: identity', data)
-            self.assertNotIn(b'youtubedl-no-compression', data.lower())
+                    headers={'Cookie': 'test=test'})).read().decode()
+            assert 'cookie: test=test' in res.lower()
 
-    def test_gzip_trailing_garbage(self):
-        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/aa3e950764337ef9800c936f4de89b31c00dfcf5
-        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/6f2ec15cee79d35dba065677cad9da7491ec6e6f
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            data = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(f'http://localhost:{self.http_port}/trailing_garbage')).read().decode('utf-8')
-            self.assertEqual(data, '<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(brotli, 'brotli support is not installed')
-    def test_brotli(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            res = ydl.urlopen(
-                sanitized_Request(
+            # Specified Cookie header should be removed on any redirect
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(
+                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/308-to-headers',
+                    headers={'Cookie': 'test=test2'})).read().decode()
+            assert 'cookie: test=test2' not in res.lower()
+
+        # Specified Cookie header should override global cookiejar for that request
+        # Whether cookies from the cookiejar is applied on the redirect is considered undefined for now
+        cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+        cookiejar.set_cookie(http.cookiejar.Cookie(
+            version=0, name='test', value='ytdlp', port=None, port_specified=False,
+            domain='127.0.0.1', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=False, path='/',
+            path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=None, discard=False, comment=None,
+            comment_url=None, rest={}))
+
+        with handler(cookiejar=cookiejar) as rh:
+            data = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', headers={'cookie': 'test=test3'})).read()
+            assert b'cookie: test=ytdlp' not in data.lower()
+            assert b'cookie: test=test3' in data.lower()
+
+    def test_redirect_loop(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(HTTPError, match='redirect loop'):
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/redirect_loop'))
+
+    def test_incompleteread(self, handler):
+        with handler(timeout=2) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(IncompleteRead, match='13 bytes read, 234221 more expected'):
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/incompleteread' % self.http_port)).read()
+
+    def test_cookies(self, handler):
+        cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+        cookiejar.set_cookie(http.cookiejar.Cookie(
+            0, 'test', 'ytdlp', None, False, '127.0.0.1', True,
+            False, '/headers', True, False, None, False, None, None, {}))
+
+        with handler(cookiejar=cookiejar) as rh:
+            data = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers')).read()
+            assert b'cookie: test=ytdlp' in data.lower()
+
+        # Per request
+        with handler() as rh:
+            data = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', extensions={'cookiejar': cookiejar})).read()
+            assert b'cookie: test=ytdlp' in data.lower()
+
+    def test_headers(self, handler):
+
+        with handler(headers=HTTPHeaderDict({'test1': 'test', 'test2': 'test2'})) as rh:
+            # Global Headers
+            data = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers')).read().lower()
+            assert b'test1: test' in data
+
+            # Per request headers, merged with global
+            data = validate_and_send(rh, Request(
+                f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', headers={'test2': 'changed', 'test3': 'test3'})).read().lower()
+            assert b'test1: test' in data
+            assert b'test2: changed' in data
+            assert b'test2: test2' not in data
+            assert b'test3: test3' in data
+
+    def test_read_timeout(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            # Default timeout is 20 seconds, so this should go through
+            validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/timeout_1'))
+
+        with handler(timeout=0.1) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                validate_and_send(
+                    rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/timeout_5'))
+
+            # Per request timeout, should override handler timeout
+            validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/timeout_1', extensions={'timeout': 4}))
+
+    def test_connect_timeout(self, handler):
+        # nothing should be listening on this port
+        connect_timeout_url = 'http://10.255.255.255'
+        with handler(timeout=0.01) as rh, pytest.raises(TransportError):
+            now = time.time()
+            validate_and_send(rh, Request(connect_timeout_url))
+        assert time.time() - now < DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        # Per request timeout, should override handler timeout
+        request = Request(connect_timeout_url, extensions={'timeout': 0.01})
+        with handler() as rh, pytest.raises(TransportError):
+            now = time.time()
+            validate_and_send(rh, request)
+        assert time.time() - now < DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+    def test_source_address(self, handler):
+        source_address = f'127.0.0.{random.randint(5, 255)}'
+        # on some systems these loopback addresses we need for testing may not be available
+        # see: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/8890
+        verify_address_availability(source_address)
+        with handler(source_address=source_address) as rh:
+            data = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/source_address')).read().decode()
+            assert source_address == data
+
+    # Not supported by CurlCFFI
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi')
+    def test_gzip_trailing_garbage(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            data = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://localhost:{self.http_port}/trailing_garbage')).read().decode()
+            assert data == '<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not applicable to curl-cffi')
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not brotli, reason='brotli support is not installed')
+    def test_brotli(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(
                     f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/content-encoding',
                     headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'br'}))
-            self.assertEqual(res.headers.get('Content-Encoding'), 'br')
-            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
+            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'br'
+            assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    def test_deflate(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            res = ydl.urlopen(
-                sanitized_Request(
+    def test_deflate(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(
                     f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/content-encoding',
                     headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'deflate'}))
-            self.assertEqual(res.headers.get('Content-Encoding'), 'deflate')
-            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
+            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'deflate'
+            assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    def test_gzip(self):
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            res = ydl.urlopen(
-                sanitized_Request(
+    def test_gzip(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(
                     f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/content-encoding',
                     headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'gzip'}))
-            self.assertEqual(res.headers.get('Content-Encoding'), 'gzip')
-            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
+            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'gzip'
+            assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    def test_multiple_encodings(self):
-        # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#section-8.4
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+    def test_multiple_encodings(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
             for pair in ('gzip,deflate', 'deflate, gzip', 'gzip, gzip', 'deflate, deflate'):
-                res = ydl.urlopen(
-                    sanitized_Request(
+                res = validate_and_send(
+                    rh, Request(
                         f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/content-encoding',
                         headers={'ytdl-encoding': pair}))
-                self.assertEqual(res.headers.get('Content-Encoding'), pair)
-                self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
-
-    def test_unsupported_encoding(self):
-        # it should return the raw content
-        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            res = ydl.urlopen(
-                sanitized_Request(
+                assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == pair
+                assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi')
+    def test_unsupported_encoding(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(
                     f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/content-encoding',
-                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'unsupported'}))
-            self.assertEqual(res.headers.get('Content-Encoding'), 'unsupported')
-            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'raw')
-
-
-class TestClientCert(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
+                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'unsupported', 'Accept-Encoding': '*'}))
+            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'unsupported'
+            assert res.read() == b'raw'
+
+    def test_read(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers'))
+            assert res.readable()
+            assert res.read(1) == b'H'
+            assert res.read(3) == b'ost'
+            assert res.read().decode().endswith('\n\n')
+            assert res.read() == b''
+
+    def test_request_disable_proxy(self, handler):
+        for proxy_proto in handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES or ['http']:
+            # Given the handler is configured with a proxy
+            with handler(proxies={'http': f'{proxy_proto}://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=5) as rh:
+                # When a proxy is explicitly set to None for the request
+                res = validate_and_send(
+                    rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', proxies={'http': None}))
+                # Then no proxy should be used
+                res.close()
+                assert res.status == 200
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handlers_if(
+        lambda _, handler: Features.NO_PROXY not in handler._SUPPORTED_FEATURES, 'handler does not support NO_PROXY')
+    def test_noproxy(self, handler):
+        for proxy_proto in handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES or ['http']:
+            # Given the handler is configured with a proxy
+            with handler(proxies={'http': f'{proxy_proto}://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=5) as rh:
+                for no_proxy in (f'127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}', '127.0.0.1', 'localhost'):
+                    # When request no proxy includes the request url host
+                    nop_response = validate_and_send(
+                        rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', proxies={'no': no_proxy}))
+                    # Then the proxy should not be used
+                    assert nop_response.status == 200
+                    nop_response.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handlers_if(
+        lambda _, handler: Features.ALL_PROXY not in handler._SUPPORTED_FEATURES, 'handler does not support ALL_PROXY')
+    def test_allproxy(self, handler):
+        # This is a bit of a hacky test, but it should be enough to check whether the handler is using the proxy.
+        # 0.1s might not be enough of a timeout if proxy is not used in all cases, but should still get failures.
+        with handler(proxies={'all': 'http://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=0.1) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers')).close()
+
+        with handler(timeout=0.1) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                validate_and_send(
+                    rh, Request(
+                        f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', proxies={'all': 'http://10.255.255.255'})).close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+class TestClientCertificate:
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
         certfn = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testcert.pem')
-        self.certdir = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testdata', 'certificate')
-        cacertfn = os.path.join(self.certdir, 'ca.crt')
-        self.httpd = http.server.HTTPServer(('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
+        cls.certdir = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testdata', 'certificate')
+        cacertfn = os.path.join(cls.certdir, 'ca.crt')
+        cls.httpd = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
         sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
         sslctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
         sslctx.load_verify_locations(cafile=cacertfn)
         sslctx.load_cert_chain(certfn, None)
-        self.httpd.socket = sslctx.wrap_socket(self.httpd.socket, server_side=True)
-        self.port = http_server_port(self.httpd)
-        self.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.httpd.serve_forever)
-        self.server_thread.daemon = True
-        self.server_thread.start()
-
-    def _run_test(self, **params):
-        ydl = YoutubeDL({
-            'logger': FakeLogger(),
+        cls.httpd.socket = sslctx.wrap_socket(cls.httpd.socket, server_side=True)
+        cls.port = http_server_port(cls.httpd)
+        cls.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=cls.httpd.serve_forever)
+        cls.server_thread.daemon = True
+        cls.server_thread.start()
+
+    def _run_test(self, handler, **handler_kwargs):
+        with handler(
             # Disable client-side validation of unacceptable self-signed testcert.pem
             # The test is of a check on the server side, so unaffected
-            'nocheckcertificate': True,
-            **params,
+            verify=False,
+            **handler_kwargs,
+        ) as rh:
+            validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/video.html')).read().decode()
+
+    def test_certificate_combined_nopass(self, handler):
+        self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
+            'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientwithkey.crt'),
         })
-        r = ydl.extract_info(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/video.html')
-        self.assertEqual(r['url'], f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/vid.mp4')
 
-    def test_certificate_combined_nopass(self):
-        self._run_test(client_certificate=os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientwithkey.crt'))
+    def test_certificate_nocombined_nopass(self, handler):
+        self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
+            'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.crt'),
+            'client_certificate_key': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.key'),
+        })
 
-    def test_certificate_nocombined_nopass(self):
-        self._run_test(client_certificate=os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.crt'),
-                       client_certificate_key=os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.key'))
+    def test_certificate_combined_pass(self, handler):
+        self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
+            'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientwithencryptedkey.crt'),
+            'client_certificate_password': 'foobar',
+        })
 
-    def test_certificate_combined_pass(self):
-        self._run_test(client_certificate=os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientwithencryptedkey.crt'),
-                       client_certificate_password='foobar')
+    def test_certificate_nocombined_pass(self, handler):
+        self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
+            'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.crt'),
+            'client_certificate_key': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientencrypted.key'),
+            'client_certificate_password': 'foobar',
+        })
 
-    def test_certificate_nocombined_pass(self):
-        self._run_test(client_certificate=os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.crt'),
-                       client_certificate_key=os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientencrypted.key'),
-                       client_certificate_password='foobar')
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+class TestHTTPImpersonateRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
+    def test_supported_impersonate_targets(self, handler):
+        with handler(headers=std_headers) as rh:
+            # note: this assumes the impersonate request handler supports the impersonate extension
+            for target in rh.supported_targets:
+                res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(
+                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', extensions={'impersonate': target}))
+                assert res.status == 200
+                assert std_headers['user-agent'].lower() not in res.read().decode().lower()
+
+    def test_response_extensions(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            for target in rh.supported_targets:
+                request = Request(
+                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200', extensions={'impersonate': target})
+                res = validate_and_send(rh, request)
+                assert res.extensions['impersonate'] == rh._get_request_target(request)
+
+    def test_http_error_response_extensions(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            for target in rh.supported_targets:
+                request = Request(
+                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_404', extensions={'impersonate': target})
+                try:
+                    validate_and_send(rh, request)
+                except HTTPError as e:
+                    res = e.response
+                assert res.extensions['impersonate'] == rh._get_request_target(request)
+
+
+class TestRequestHandlerMisc:
+    """Misc generic tests for request handlers, not related to request or validation testing"""
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,logger_name', [
+        ('Requests', 'urllib3'),
+        ('Websockets', 'websockets.client'),
+        ('Websockets', 'websockets.server')
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_remove_logging_handler(self, handler, logger_name):
+        # Ensure any logging handlers, which may contain a YoutubeDL instance,
+        # are removed when we close the request handler
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/8922
+        logging_handlers = logging.getLogger(logger_name).handlers
+        before_count = len(logging_handlers)
+        rh = handler()
+        assert len(logging_handlers) == before_count + 1
+        rh.close()
+        assert len(logging_handlers) == before_count
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib'], indirect=True)
+class TestUrllibRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
+    def test_file_urls(self, handler):
+        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8227
+        tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
+        tf.write(b'foobar')
+        tf.close()
+        req = Request(pathlib.Path(tf.name).as_uri())
+        with handler() as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(UnsupportedRequest):
+                rh.validate(req)
+
+            # Test that urllib never loaded FileHandler
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                rh.send(req)
+
+        with handler(enable_file_urls=True) as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, req)
+            assert res.read() == b'foobar'
+            res.close()
 
-def _build_proxy_handler(name):
-    class HTTPTestRequestHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-        proxy_name = name
+        os.unlink(tf.name)
 
-        def log_message(self, format, *args):
+    def test_http_error_returns_content(self, handler):
+        # urllib HTTPError will try close the underlying response if reference to the HTTPError object is lost
+        def get_response():
+            with handler() as rh:
+                # headers url
+                try:
+                    validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_404'))
+                except HTTPError as e:
+                    return e.response
+
+        assert get_response().read() == b'<html></html>'
+
+    def test_verify_cert_error_text(self, handler):
+        # Check the output of the error message
+        with handler() as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(
+                CertificateVerifyError,
+                match=r'\[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED\] certificate verify failed: self.signed certificate'
+            ):
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.https_port}/headers'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('req,match,version_check', [
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1256
+        # bpo-39603: Check implemented in 3.7.9+, 3.8.5+
+        (
+            Request('http://127.0.0.1', method='GET\n'),
+            'method can\'t contain control characters',
+            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 9) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 5)
+        ),
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1265
+        # bpo-38576: Check implemented in 3.7.8+, 3.8.3+
+        (
+            Request('http://127.0.0. 1', method='GET'),
+            'URL can\'t contain control characters',
+            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 8) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 3)
+        ),
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1288C31-L1288C50
+        (Request('http://127.0.0.1', headers={'foo\n': 'bar'}), 'Invalid header name', None),
+    ])
+    def test_httplib_validation_errors(self, handler, req, match, version_check):
+        if version_check and version_check(sys.version_info):
+            pytest.skip(f'Python {sys.version} version does not have the required validation for this test.')
+
+        with handler() as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(RequestError, match=match) as exc_info:
+                validate_and_send(rh, req)
+            assert not isinstance(exc_info.value, TransportError)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Requests'], indirect=True)
+class TestRequestsRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('raised,expected', [
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout(), TransportError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout(), TransportError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.Timeout(), TransportError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.ConnectionError(), TransportError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.ProxyError(), ProxyError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.SSLError('12[CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]34'), CertificateVerifyError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.SSLError(), SSLError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.InvalidURL(), RequestError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.InvalidHeader(), RequestError),
+        # catch-all: https://github.com/psf/requests/blob/main/src/requests/adapters.py#L535
+        (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError(), TransportError),
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.RequestException(), RequestError)
+        #  (lambda: requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects(), HTTPError) - Needs a response object
+    ])
+    def test_request_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            def mock_get_instance(*args, **kwargs):
+                class MockSession:
+                    def request(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                        raise raised()
+                return MockSession()
+
+            monkeypatch.setattr(rh, '_get_instance', mock_get_instance)
+
+            with pytest.raises(expected) as exc_info:
+                rh.send(Request('http://fake'))
+
+            assert exc_info.type is expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('raised,expected,match', [
+        (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.SSLError(), SSLError, None),
+        (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutError(), TransportError, None),
+        (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError(None, None, None), TransportError, None),
+        (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError(), TransportError, None),
+        (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.DecodeError(), TransportError, None),
+        (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError(), TransportError, None),  # catch-all
+        (
+            lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError('error', http.client.IncompleteRead(partial=b'abc', expected=4)),
+            IncompleteRead,
+            '3 bytes read, 4 more expected'
+        ),
+        (
+            lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError('error', urllib3.exceptions.IncompleteRead(partial=3, expected=5)),
+            IncompleteRead,
+            '3 bytes read, 5 more expected'
+        ),
+    ])
+    def test_response_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected, match):
+        from requests.models import Response as RequestsResponse
+        from urllib3.response import HTTPResponse as Urllib3Response
+
+        from yt_dlp.networking._requests import RequestsResponseAdapter
+        requests_res = RequestsResponse()
+        requests_res.raw = Urllib3Response(body=b'', status=200)
+        res = RequestsResponseAdapter(requests_res)
+
+        def mock_read(*args, **kwargs):
+            raise raised()
+        monkeypatch.setattr(res.fp, 'read', mock_read)
+
+        with pytest.raises(expected, match=match) as exc_info:
+            res.read()
+
+        assert exc_info.type is expected
+
+    def test_close(self, handler, monkeypatch):
+        rh = handler()
+        session = rh._get_instance(cookiejar=rh.cookiejar)
+        called = False
+        original_close = session.close
+
+        def mock_close(*args, **kwargs):
+            nonlocal called
+            called = True
+            return original_close(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(session, 'close', mock_close)
+        rh.close()
+        assert called
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+class TestCurlCFFIRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('params,extensions', [
+        ({}, {'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('chrome')}),
+        ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '110')}, {}),
+        ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '99')}, {'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '110')}),
+    ])
+    def test_impersonate(self, handler, params, extensions):
+        with handler(headers=std_headers, **params) as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', extensions=extensions)).read().decode()
+            assert 'sec-ch-ua: "Chromium";v="110"' in res
+            # Check that user agent is added over ours
+            assert 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.0.0 Safari/537.36' in res
+
+    def test_headers(self, handler):
+        with handler(headers=std_headers) as rh:
+            # Ensure curl-impersonate overrides our standard headers (usually added
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', extensions={
+                    'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('safari')}, headers={'x-custom': 'test', 'sec-fetch-mode': 'custom'})).read().decode().lower()
+
+            assert std_headers['user-agent'].lower() not in res
+            assert std_headers['accept-language'].lower() not in res
+            assert std_headers['sec-fetch-mode'].lower() not in res
+            # other than UA, custom headers that differ from std_headers should be kept
+            assert 'sec-fetch-mode: custom' in res
+            assert 'x-custom: test' in res
+            # but when not impersonating don't remove std_headers
+            res = validate_and_send(
+                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', headers={'x-custom': 'test'})).read().decode().lower()
+            # std_headers should be present
+            for k, v in std_headers.items():
+                assert f'{k}: {v}'.lower() in res
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('raised,expected,match', [
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.PARTIAL_FILE), IncompleteRead, None),
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.OPERATION_TIMEDOUT), TransportError, None),
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.RECV_ERROR), TransportError, None),
+    ])
+    def test_response_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected, match):
+        import curl_cffi.requests
+
+        from yt_dlp.networking._curlcffi import CurlCFFIResponseAdapter
+        curl_res = curl_cffi.requests.Response()
+        res = CurlCFFIResponseAdapter(curl_res)
+
+        def mock_read(*args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                raise raised()
+            except Exception as e:
+                e.response = curl_res
+                raise
+        monkeypatch.setattr(res.fp, 'read', mock_read)
+
+        with pytest.raises(expected, match=match) as exc_info:
+            res.read()
+
+        assert exc_info.type is expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('raised,expected,match', [
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.OPERATION_TIMEDOUT), TransportError, None),
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION), CertificateVerifyError, None),
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.SSL_CONNECT_ERROR), SSLError, None),
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS), HTTPError, None),
+        (lambda: curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError(
+            '', code=curl_cffi.const.CurlECode.PROXY), ProxyError, None),
+    ])
+    def test_request_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected, match):
+        import curl_cffi.requests
+        curl_res = curl_cffi.requests.Response()
+        curl_res.status_code = 301
+
+        with handler() as rh:
+            original_get_instance = rh._get_instance
+
+            def mock_get_instance(*args, **kwargs):
+                instance = original_get_instance(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                def request(*_, **__):
+                    try:
+                        raise raised()
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        e.response = curl_res
+                        raise
+                monkeypatch.setattr(instance, 'request', request)
+                return instance
+
+            monkeypatch.setattr(rh, '_get_instance', mock_get_instance)
+
+            with pytest.raises(expected) as exc_info:
+                rh.send(Request('http://fake'))
+
+            assert exc_info.type is expected
+
+    def test_response_reader(self, handler):
+        class FakeResponse:
+            def __init__(self, raise_error=False):
+                self.raise_error = raise_error
+                self.closed = False
+
+            def iter_content(self):
+                yield b'foo'
+                yield b'bar'
+                yield b'z'
+                if self.raise_error:
+                    raise Exception('test')
+
+            def close(self):
+                self.closed = True
+
+        from yt_dlp.networking._curlcffi import CurlCFFIResponseReader
+
+        res = CurlCFFIResponseReader(FakeResponse())
+        assert res.readable
+        assert res.bytes_read == 0
+        assert res.read(1) == b'f'
+        assert res.bytes_read == 3
+        assert res._buffer == b'oo'
+
+        assert res.read(2) == b'oo'
+        assert res.bytes_read == 3
+        assert res._buffer == b''
+
+        assert res.read(2) == b'ba'
+        assert res.bytes_read == 6
+        assert res._buffer == b'r'
+
+        assert res.read(3) == b'rz'
+        assert res.bytes_read == 7
+        assert res._buffer == b''
+        assert res.closed
+        assert res._response.closed
+
+        # should handle no size param
+        res2 = CurlCFFIResponseReader(FakeResponse())
+        assert res2.read() == b'foobarz'
+        assert res2.bytes_read == 7
+        assert res2._buffer == b''
+        assert res2.closed
+
+        # should close on an exception
+        res3 = CurlCFFIResponseReader(FakeResponse(raise_error=True))
+        with pytest.raises(Exception, match='test'):
+            res3.read()
+        assert res3._buffer == b''
+        assert res3.bytes_read == 7
+        assert res3.closed
+
+        # buffer should be cleared on close
+        res4 = CurlCFFIResponseReader(FakeResponse())
+        res4.read(2)
+        assert res4._buffer == b'o'
+        res4.close()
+        assert res4.closed
+        assert res4._buffer == b''
+
+
+def run_validation(handler, error, req, **handler_kwargs):
+    with handler(**handler_kwargs) as rh:
+        if error:
+            with pytest.raises(error):
+                rh.validate(req)
+        else:
+            rh.validate(req)
+
+
+class TestRequestHandlerValidation:
+
+    class ValidationRH(RequestHandler):
+        def _send(self, request):
+            raise RequestError('test')
+
+    class NoCheckRH(ValidationRH):
+        _SUPPORTED_FEATURES = None
+        _SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = None
+        _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = None
+
+        def _check_extensions(self, extensions):
+            extensions.clear()
+
+    class HTTPSupportedRH(ValidationRH):
+        _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
+
+    URL_SCHEME_TESTS = [
+        # scheme, expected to fail, handler kwargs
+        ('Urllib', [
+            ('http', False, {}),
+            ('https', False, {}),
+            ('data', False, {}),
+            ('ftp', False, {}),
+            ('file', UnsupportedRequest, {}),
+            ('file', False, {'enable_file_urls': True}),
+        ]),
+        ('Requests', [
+            ('http', False, {}),
+            ('https', False, {}),
+        ]),
+        ('Websockets', [
+            ('ws', False, {}),
+            ('wss', False, {}),
+        ]),
+        ('CurlCFFI', [
+            ('http', False, {}),
+            ('https', False, {}),
+        ]),
+        (NoCheckRH, [('http', False, {})]),
+        (ValidationRH, [('http', UnsupportedRequest, {})])
+    ]
+
+    PROXY_SCHEME_TESTS = [
+        # proxy scheme, expected to fail
+        ('Urllib', 'http', [
+            ('http', False),
+            ('https', UnsupportedRequest),
+            ('socks4', False),
+            ('socks4a', False),
+            ('socks5', False),
+            ('socks5h', False),
+            ('socks', UnsupportedRequest),
+        ]),
+        ('Requests', 'http', [
+            ('http', False),
+            ('https', False),
+            ('socks4', False),
+            ('socks4a', False),
+            ('socks5', False),
+            ('socks5h', False),
+        ]),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http', [
+            ('http', False),
+            ('https', False),
+            ('socks4', False),
+            ('socks4a', False),
+            ('socks5', False),
+            ('socks5h', False),
+        ]),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws', [
+            ('http', UnsupportedRequest),
+            ('https', UnsupportedRequest),
+            ('socks4', False),
+            ('socks4a', False),
+            ('socks5', False),
+            ('socks5h', False),
+        ]),
+        (NoCheckRH, 'http', [('http', False)]),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
+        (NoCheckRH, 'http', [('http', False)]),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
+    ]
+
+    PROXY_KEY_TESTS = [
+        # proxy key, proxy scheme, expected to fail
+        ('Urllib', 'http', [
+            ('all', 'http', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'http', False),
+        ]),
+        ('Requests', 'http', [
+            ('all', 'http', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'http', False),
+        ]),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http', [
+            ('all', 'http', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'http', False),
+        ]),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws', [
+            ('all', 'socks5', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'socks5', False),
+        ]),
+        (NoCheckRH, 'http', [('all', 'http', False)]),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('all', 'http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('no', 'http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
+    ]
+
+    EXTENSION_TESTS = [
+        ('Urllib', 'http', [
+            ({'cookiejar': 'notacookiejar'}, AssertionError),
+            ({'cookiejar': YoutubeDLCookieJar()}, False),
+            ({'cookiejar': CookieJar()}, AssertionError),
+            ({'timeout': 1}, False),
+            ({'timeout': 'notatimeout'}, AssertionError),
+            ({'unsupported': 'value'}, UnsupportedRequest),
+        ]),
+        ('Requests', 'http', [
+            ({'cookiejar': 'notacookiejar'}, AssertionError),
+            ({'cookiejar': YoutubeDLCookieJar()}, False),
+            ({'timeout': 1}, False),
+            ({'timeout': 'notatimeout'}, AssertionError),
+            ({'unsupported': 'value'}, UnsupportedRequest),
+        ]),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http', [
+            ({'cookiejar': 'notacookiejar'}, AssertionError),
+            ({'cookiejar': YoutubeDLCookieJar()}, False),
+            ({'timeout': 1}, False),
+            ({'timeout': 'notatimeout'}, AssertionError),
+            ({'unsupported': 'value'}, UnsupportedRequest),
+            ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('badtarget', None, None, None)}, UnsupportedRequest),
+            ({'impersonate': 123}, AssertionError),
+            ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', None, None, None)}, False),
+            ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None)}, False),
+            ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget()}, False),
+            ({'impersonate': 'chrome'}, AssertionError)
+        ]),
+        (NoCheckRH, 'http', [
+            ({'cookiejar': 'notacookiejar'}, False),
+            ({'somerandom': 'test'}, False),  # but any extension is allowed through
+        ]),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws', [
+            ({'cookiejar': YoutubeDLCookieJar()}, False),
+            ({'timeout': 2}, False),
+        ]),
+    ]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,fail,scheme', [
+        ('Urllib', False, 'http'),
+        ('Requests', False, 'http'),
+        ('CurlCFFI', False, 'http'),
+        ('Websockets', False, 'ws')
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_no_proxy(self, handler, fail, scheme):
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={'no': '127.0.0.1,github.com'}))
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://'), proxies={'no': '127.0.0.1,github.com'})
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme', [
+        ('Urllib', 'http'),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http'),
+        ('Requests', 'http'),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws')
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_empty_proxy(self, handler, scheme):
+        run_validation(handler, False, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={scheme: None}))
+        run_validation(handler, False, Request(f'{scheme}://'), proxies={scheme: None})
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('proxy_url', ['//example.com', 'example.com', '127.0.0.1', '/a/b/c'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme', [
+        ('Urllib', 'http'),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http'),
+        ('Requests', 'http'),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws')
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_invalid_proxy_url(self, handler, scheme, proxy_url):
+        run_validation(handler, UnsupportedRequest, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={scheme: proxy_url}))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme,fail,handler_kwargs', [
+        (handler_tests[0], scheme, fail, handler_kwargs)
+        for handler_tests in URL_SCHEME_TESTS
+        for scheme, fail, handler_kwargs in handler_tests[1]
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_url_scheme(self, handler, scheme, fail, handler_kwargs):
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://'), **(handler_kwargs or {}))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme,proxy_key,proxy_scheme,fail', [
+        (handler_tests[0], handler_tests[1], proxy_key, proxy_scheme, fail)
+        for handler_tests in PROXY_KEY_TESTS
+        for proxy_key, proxy_scheme, fail in handler_tests[2]
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_proxy_key(self, handler, scheme, proxy_key, proxy_scheme, fail):
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={proxy_key: f'{proxy_scheme}://example.com'}))
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://'), proxies={proxy_key: f'{proxy_scheme}://example.com'})
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,req_scheme,scheme,fail', [
+        (handler_tests[0], handler_tests[1], scheme, fail)
+        for handler_tests in PROXY_SCHEME_TESTS
+        for scheme, fail in handler_tests[2]
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_proxy_scheme(self, handler, req_scheme, scheme, fail):
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{req_scheme}://', proxies={req_scheme: f'{scheme}://example.com'}))
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{req_scheme}://'), proxies={req_scheme: f'{scheme}://example.com'})
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme,extensions,fail', [
+        (handler_tests[0], handler_tests[1], extensions, fail)
+        for handler_tests in EXTENSION_TESTS
+        for extensions, fail in handler_tests[2]
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_extension(self, handler, scheme, extensions, fail):
+        run_validation(
+            handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://', extensions=extensions))
+
+    def test_invalid_request_type(self):
+        rh = self.ValidationRH(logger=FakeLogger())
+        for method in (rh.validate, rh.send):
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='Expected an instance of Request'):
+                method('not a request')
+
+
+class FakeResponse(Response):
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        # XXX: we could make request part of standard response interface
+        self.request = request
+        super().__init__(fp=io.BytesIO(b''), headers={}, url=request.url)
+
+
+class FakeRH(RequestHandler):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **params):
+        self.params = params
+        super().__init__(*args, **params)
+
+    def _validate(self, request):
+        return
+
+    def _send(self, request: Request):
+        if request.url.startswith('ssl://'):
+            raise SSLError(request.url[len('ssl://'):])
+        return FakeResponse(request)
+
+
+class FakeRHYDL(FakeYDL):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._request_director = self.build_request_director([FakeRH])
+
+
+class AllUnsupportedRHYDL(FakeYDL):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+
+        class UnsupportedRH(RequestHandler):
+            def _send(self, request: Request):
+                pass
+
+            _SUPPORTED_FEATURES = ()
+            _SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = ()
+            _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ()
+
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._request_director = self.build_request_director([UnsupportedRH])
+
+
+class TestRequestDirector:
+
+    def test_handler_operations(self):
+        director = RequestDirector(logger=FakeLogger())
+        handler = FakeRH(logger=FakeLogger())
+        director.add_handler(handler)
+        assert director.handlers.get(FakeRH.RH_KEY) is handler
+
+        # Handler should overwrite
+        handler2 = FakeRH(logger=FakeLogger())
+        director.add_handler(handler2)
+        assert director.handlers.get(FakeRH.RH_KEY) is not handler
+        assert director.handlers.get(FakeRH.RH_KEY) is handler2
+        assert len(director.handlers) == 1
+
+        class AnotherFakeRH(FakeRH):
             pass
+        director.add_handler(AnotherFakeRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+        assert len(director.handlers) == 2
+        assert director.handlers.get(AnotherFakeRH.RH_KEY).RH_KEY == AnotherFakeRH.RH_KEY
 
-        def do_GET(self):
-            self.send_response(200)
-            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')
-            self.end_headers()
-            self.wfile.write(f'{self.proxy_name}: {self.path}'.encode())
-    return HTTPTestRequestHandler
-
-
-class TestProxy(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.proxy = http.server.HTTPServer(
-            ('127.0.0.1', 0), _build_proxy_handler('normal'))
-        self.port = http_server_port(self.proxy)
-        self.proxy_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.proxy.serve_forever)
-        self.proxy_thread.daemon = True
-        self.proxy_thread.start()
-
-        self.geo_proxy = http.server.HTTPServer(
-            ('127.0.0.1', 0), _build_proxy_handler('geo'))
-        self.geo_port = http_server_port(self.geo_proxy)
-        self.geo_proxy_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.geo_proxy.serve_forever)
-        self.geo_proxy_thread.daemon = True
-        self.geo_proxy_thread.start()
-
-    def test_proxy(self):
-        geo_proxy = f'127.0.0.1:{self.geo_port}'
-        ydl = YoutubeDL({
-            'proxy': f'127.0.0.1:{self.port}',
-            'geo_verification_proxy': geo_proxy,
-        })
-        url = 'http://foo.com/bar'
-        response = ydl.urlopen(url).read().decode()
-        self.assertEqual(response, f'normal: {url}')
-
-        req = urllib.request.Request(url)
-        req.add_header('Ytdl-request-proxy', geo_proxy)
-        response = ydl.urlopen(req).read().decode()
-        self.assertEqual(response, f'geo: {url}')
-
-    def test_proxy_with_idn(self):
-        ydl = YoutubeDL({
-            'proxy': f'127.0.0.1:{self.port}',
-        })
-        url = 'http://中文.tw/'
-        response = ydl.urlopen(url).read().decode()
-        # b'xn--fiq228c' is '中文'.encode('idna')
-        self.assertEqual(response, 'normal: http://xn--fiq228c.tw/')
+        director.handlers.pop(FakeRH.RH_KEY, None)
+        assert director.handlers.get(FakeRH.RH_KEY) is None
+        assert len(director.handlers) == 1
 
+        # RequestErrors should passthrough
+        with pytest.raises(SSLError):
+            director.send(Request('ssl://something'))
 
-class TestFileURL(unittest.TestCase):
-    # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8227
-    def test_file_urls(self):
-        tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
-        tf.write(b'foobar')
-        tf.close()
-        url = pathlib.Path(tf.name).as_uri()
+    def test_send(self):
+        director = RequestDirector(logger=FakeLogger())
+        with pytest.raises(RequestError):
+            director.send(Request('any://'))
+        director.add_handler(FakeRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+        assert isinstance(director.send(Request('http://')), FakeResponse)
+
+    def test_unsupported_handlers(self):
+        class SupportedRH(RequestHandler):
+            _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ['http']
+
+            def _send(self, request: Request):
+                return Response(fp=io.BytesIO(b'supported'), headers={}, url=request.url)
+
+        director = RequestDirector(logger=FakeLogger())
+        director.add_handler(SupportedRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+        director.add_handler(FakeRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+
+        # First should take preference
+        assert director.send(Request('http://')).read() == b'supported'
+        assert director.send(Request('any://')).read() == b''
+
+        director.handlers.pop(FakeRH.RH_KEY)
+        with pytest.raises(NoSupportingHandlers):
+            director.send(Request('any://'))
+
+    def test_unexpected_error(self):
+        director = RequestDirector(logger=FakeLogger())
+
+        class UnexpectedRH(FakeRH):
+            def _send(self, request: Request):
+                raise TypeError('something')
+
+        director.add_handler(UnexpectedRH(logger=FakeLogger))
+        with pytest.raises(NoSupportingHandlers, match=r'1 unexpected error'):
+            director.send(Request('any://'))
+
+        director.handlers.clear()
+        assert len(director.handlers) == 0
+
+        # Should not be fatal
+        director.add_handler(FakeRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+        director.add_handler(UnexpectedRH(logger=FakeLogger))
+        assert director.send(Request('any://'))
+
+    def test_preference(self):
+        director = RequestDirector(logger=FakeLogger())
+        director.add_handler(FakeRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+
+        class SomeRH(RequestHandler):
+            _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ['http']
+
+            def _send(self, request: Request):
+                return Response(fp=io.BytesIO(b'supported'), headers={}, url=request.url)
+
+        def some_preference(rh, request):
+            return (0 if not isinstance(rh, SomeRH)
+                    else 100 if 'prefer' in request.headers
+                    else -1)
+
+        director.add_handler(SomeRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+        director.preferences.add(some_preference)
+
+        assert director.send(Request('http://')).read() == b''
+        assert director.send(Request('http://', headers={'prefer': '1'})).read() == b'supported'
+
+    def test_close(self, monkeypatch):
+        director = RequestDirector(logger=FakeLogger())
+        director.add_handler(FakeRH(logger=FakeLogger()))
+        called = False
+
+        def mock_close(*args, **kwargs):
+            nonlocal called
+            called = True
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(director.handlers[FakeRH.RH_KEY], 'close', mock_close)
+        director.close()
+        assert called
+
+
+# XXX: do we want to move this to test_YoutubeDL.py?
+class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def build_handler(ydl, handler: RequestHandler = FakeRH):
+        return ydl.build_request_director([handler]).handlers.get(handler.RH_KEY)
+
+    def test_compat_opener(self):
         with FakeYDL() as ydl:
-            self.assertRaisesRegex(
-                urllib.error.URLError, 'file:// URLs are explicitly disabled in yt-dlp for security reasons', ydl.urlopen, url)
-        with FakeYDL({'enable_file_urls': True}) as ydl:
-            res = ydl.urlopen(url)
-            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'foobar')
-            res.close()
-        os.unlink(tf.name)
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
+                assert isinstance(ydl._opener, urllib.request.OpenerDirector)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('proxy,expected', [
+        ('http://127.0.0.1:8080', {'all': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'}),
+        ('', {'all': '__noproxy__'}),
+        (None, {'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081', 'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081'})  # env, set https
+    ])
+    def test_proxy(self, proxy, expected, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setenv('HTTP_PROXY', 'http://127.0.0.1:8081')
+        with FakeYDL({'proxy': proxy}) as ydl:
+            assert ydl.proxies == expected
+
+    def test_compat_request(self):
+        with FakeRHYDL() as ydl:
+            assert ydl.urlopen('test://')
+            urllib_req = urllib.request.Request('http://foo.bar', data=b'test', method='PUT', headers={'X-Test': '1'})
+            urllib_req.add_unredirected_header('Cookie', 'bob=bob')
+            urllib_req.timeout = 2
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
+                req = ydl.urlopen(urllib_req).request
+                assert req.url == urllib_req.get_full_url()
+                assert req.data == urllib_req.data
+                assert req.method == urllib_req.get_method()
+                assert 'X-Test' in req.headers
+                assert 'Cookie' in req.headers
+                assert req.extensions.get('timeout') == 2
+
+            with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+                ydl.urlopen(None)
+
+    def test_extract_basic_auth(self):
+        with FakeRHYDL() as ydl:
+            res = ydl.urlopen(Request('http://user:pass@foo.bar'))
+            assert res.request.headers['Authorization'] == 'Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz'
+
+    def test_sanitize_url(self):
+        with FakeRHYDL() as ydl:
+            res = ydl.urlopen(Request('httpss://foo.bar'))
+            assert res.request.url == 'https://foo.bar'
+
+    def test_file_urls_error(self):
+        # use urllib handler
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            with pytest.raises(RequestError, match=r'file:// URLs are disabled by default'):
+                ydl.urlopen('file://')
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('scheme', (['ws', 'wss']))
+    def test_websocket_unavailable_error(self, scheme):
+        with AllUnsupportedRHYDL() as ydl:
+            with pytest.raises(RequestError, match=r'This request requires WebSocket support'):
+                ydl.urlopen(f'{scheme}://')
+
+    def test_legacy_server_connect_error(self):
+        with FakeRHYDL() as ydl:
+            for error in ('UNSAFE_LEGACY_RENEGOTIATION_DISABLED', 'SSLV3_ALERT_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE'):
+                with pytest.raises(RequestError, match=r'Try using --legacy-server-connect'):
+                    ydl.urlopen(f'ssl://{error}')
+
+            with pytest.raises(SSLError, match='testerror'):
+                ydl.urlopen('ssl://testerror')
+
+    def test_unsupported_impersonate_target(self):
+        class FakeImpersonationRHYDL(FakeYDL):
+            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                class HTTPRH(RequestHandler):
+                    def _send(self, request: Request):
+                        pass
+                    _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
+                    _SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = None
+
+                super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+                self._request_director = self.build_request_director([HTTPRH])
+
+        with FakeImpersonationRHYDL() as ydl:
+            with pytest.raises(
+                RequestError,
+                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+            ):
+                ydl.urlopen(Request('http://', extensions={'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)}))
+
+    def test_unsupported_impersonate_extension(self):
+        class FakeHTTPRHYDL(FakeYDL):
+            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                class IRH(ImpersonateRequestHandler):
+                    def _send(self, request: Request):
+                        pass
+
+                    _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
+                    _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget('abc',): 'test'}
+                    _SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = None
+
+                super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+                self._request_director = self.build_request_director([IRH])
+
+        with FakeHTTPRHYDL() as ydl:
+            with pytest.raises(
+                RequestError,
+                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+            ):
+                ydl.urlopen(Request('http://', extensions={'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)}))
+
+    def test_raise_impersonate_error(self):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            YoutubeDLError,
+            match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+        ):
+            FakeYDL({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)})
+
+    def test_pass_impersonate_param(self, monkeypatch):
+
+        class IRH(ImpersonateRequestHandler):
+            def _send(self, request: Request):
+                pass
+
+            _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
+            _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget('abc'): 'test'}
+
+        # Bypass the check on initialize
+        brh = FakeYDL.build_request_director
+        monkeypatch.setattr(FakeYDL, 'build_request_director', lambda cls, handlers, preferences=None: brh(cls, handlers=[IRH]))
+
+        with FakeYDL({
+            'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)
+        }) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl, IRH)
+            assert rh.impersonate == ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)
+
+    def test_get_impersonate_targets(self):
+        handlers = []
+        for target_client in ('abc', 'xyz', 'asd'):
+            class TestRH(ImpersonateRequestHandler):
+                def _send(self, request: Request):
+                    pass
+                _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
+                _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget(target_client,): 'test'}
+                RH_KEY = target_client
+                RH_NAME = target_client
+            handlers.append(TestRH)
 
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            ydl._request_director = ydl.build_request_director(handlers)
+            assert set(ydl._get_available_impersonate_targets()) == {
+                (ImpersonateTarget('xyz'), 'xyz'),
+                (ImpersonateTarget('abc'), 'abc'),
+                (ImpersonateTarget('asd'), 'asd')
+            }
+            assert ydl._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget('abc'))
+            assert ydl._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget())
+            assert not ydl._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget('zxy'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('proxy_key,proxy_url,expected', [
+        ('http', '__noproxy__', None),
+        ('no', '127.0.0.1,foo.bar', '127.0.0.1,foo.bar'),
+        ('https', 'example.com', 'http://example.com'),
+        ('https', '//example.com', 'http://example.com'),
+        ('https', 'socks5://example.com', 'socks5h://example.com'),
+        ('http', 'socks://example.com', 'socks4://example.com'),
+        ('http', 'socks4://example.com', 'socks4://example.com'),
+        ('unrelated', '/bad/proxy', '/bad/proxy'),  # clean_proxies should ignore bad proxies
+    ])
+    def test_clean_proxy(self, proxy_key, proxy_url, expected, monkeypatch):
+        # proxies should be cleaned in urlopen()
+        with FakeRHYDL() as ydl:
+            req = ydl.urlopen(Request('test://', proxies={proxy_key: proxy_url})).request
+            assert req.proxies[proxy_key] == expected
+
+        # and should also be cleaned when building the handler
+        monkeypatch.setenv(f'{proxy_key.upper()}_PROXY', proxy_url)
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl)
+            assert rh.proxies[proxy_key] == expected
+
+    def test_clean_proxy_header(self):
+        with FakeRHYDL() as ydl:
+            req = ydl.urlopen(Request('test://', headers={'ytdl-request-proxy': '//foo.bar'})).request
+            assert 'ytdl-request-proxy' not in req.headers
+            assert req.proxies == {'all': 'http://foo.bar'}
+
+        with FakeYDL({'http_headers': {'ytdl-request-proxy': '//foo.bar'}}) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl)
+            assert 'ytdl-request-proxy' not in rh.headers
+            assert rh.proxies == {'all': 'http://foo.bar'}
+
+    def test_clean_header(self):
+        with FakeRHYDL() as ydl:
+            res = ydl.urlopen(Request('test://', headers={'Youtubedl-no-compression': True}))
+            assert 'Youtubedl-no-compression' not in res.request.headers
+            assert res.request.headers.get('Accept-Encoding') == 'identity'
+
+        with FakeYDL({'http_headers': {'Youtubedl-no-compression': True}}) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl)
+            assert 'Youtubedl-no-compression' not in rh.headers
+            assert rh.headers.get('Accept-Encoding') == 'identity'
+
+        with FakeYDL({'http_headers': {'Ytdl-socks-proxy': 'socks://localhost:1080'}}) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl)
+            assert 'Ytdl-socks-proxy' not in rh.headers
+
+    def test_build_handler_params(self):
+        with FakeYDL({
+            'http_headers': {'test': 'testtest'},
+            'socket_timeout': 2,
+            'proxy': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
+            'source_address': '127.0.0.45',
+            'debug_printtraffic': True,
+            'compat_opts': ['no-certifi'],
+            'nocheckcertificate': True,
+            'legacyserverconnect': True,
+        }) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl)
+            assert rh.headers.get('test') == 'testtest'
+            assert 'Accept' in rh.headers  # ensure std_headers are still there
+            assert rh.timeout == 2
+            assert rh.proxies.get('all') == 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
+            assert rh.source_address == '127.0.0.45'
+            assert rh.verbose is True
+            assert rh.prefer_system_certs is True
+            assert rh.verify is False
+            assert rh.legacy_ssl_support is True
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('ydl_params', [
+        {'client_certificate': 'fakecert.crt'},
+        {'client_certificate': 'fakecert.crt', 'client_certificate_key': 'fakekey.key'},
+        {'client_certificate': 'fakecert.crt', 'client_certificate_key': 'fakekey.key', 'client_certificate_password': 'foobar'},
+        {'client_certificate_key': 'fakekey.key', 'client_certificate_password': 'foobar'},
+    ])
+    def test_client_certificate(self, ydl_params):
+        with FakeYDL(ydl_params) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl)
+            assert rh._client_cert == ydl_params  # XXX: Too bound to implementation
+
+    def test_urllib_file_urls(self):
+        with FakeYDL({'enable_file_urls': False}) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl, UrllibRH)
+            assert rh.enable_file_urls is False
+
+        with FakeYDL({'enable_file_urls': True}) as ydl:
+            rh = self.build_handler(ydl, UrllibRH)
+            assert rh.enable_file_urls is True
+
+    def test_compat_opt_prefer_urllib(self):
+        # This assumes urllib only has a preference when this compat opt is given
+        with FakeYDL({'compat_opts': ['prefer-legacy-http-handler']}) as ydl:
+            director = ydl.build_request_director([UrllibRH])
+            assert len(director.preferences) == 1
+            assert director.preferences.pop()(UrllibRH, None)
+
+
+class TestRequest:
+
+    def test_query(self):
+        req = Request('http://example.com?q=something', query={'v': 'xyz'})
+        assert req.url == 'http://example.com?q=something&v=xyz'
+
+        req.update(query={'v': '123'})
+        assert req.url == 'http://example.com?q=something&v=123'
+        req.update(url='http://example.com', query={'v': 'xyz'})
+        assert req.url == 'http://example.com?v=xyz'
+
+    def test_method(self):
+        req = Request('http://example.com')
+        assert req.method == 'GET'
+        req.data = b'test'
+        assert req.method == 'POST'
+        req.data = None
+        assert req.method == 'GET'
+        req.data = b'test2'
+        req.method = 'PUT'
+        assert req.method == 'PUT'
+        req.data = None
+        assert req.method == 'PUT'
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            req.method = 1
+
+    def test_request_helpers(self):
+        assert HEADRequest('http://example.com').method == 'HEAD'
+        assert PUTRequest('http://example.com').method == 'PUT'
+
+    def test_headers(self):
+        req = Request('http://example.com', headers={'tesT': 'test'})
+        assert req.headers == HTTPHeaderDict({'test': 'test'})
+        req.update(headers={'teSt2': 'test2'})
+        assert req.headers == HTTPHeaderDict({'test': 'test', 'test2': 'test2'})
+
+        req.headers = new_headers = HTTPHeaderDict({'test': 'test'})
+        assert req.headers == HTTPHeaderDict({'test': 'test'})
+        assert req.headers is new_headers
+
+        # test converts dict to case insensitive dict
+        req.headers = new_headers = {'test2': 'test2'}
+        assert isinstance(req.headers, HTTPHeaderDict)
+        assert req.headers is not new_headers
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            req.headers = None
+
+    def test_data_type(self):
+        req = Request('http://example.com')
+        assert req.data is None
+        # test bytes is allowed
+        req.data = b'test'
+        assert req.data == b'test'
+        # test iterable of bytes is allowed
+        i = [b'test', b'test2']
+        req.data = i
+        assert req.data == i
+
+        # test file-like object is allowed
+        f = io.BytesIO(b'test')
+        req.data = f
+        assert req.data == f
+
+        # common mistake: test str not allowed
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            req.data = 'test'
+        assert req.data != 'test'
+
+        # common mistake: test dict is not allowed
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            req.data = {'test': 'test'}
+        assert req.data != {'test': 'test'}
+
+    def test_content_length_header(self):
+        req = Request('http://example.com', headers={'Content-Length': '0'}, data=b'')
+        assert req.headers.get('Content-Length') == '0'
+
+        req.data = b'test'
+        assert 'Content-Length' not in req.headers
+
+        req = Request('http://example.com', headers={'Content-Length': '10'})
+        assert 'Content-Length' not in req.headers
+
+    def test_content_type_header(self):
+        req = Request('http://example.com', headers={'Content-Type': 'test'}, data=b'test')
+        assert req.headers.get('Content-Type') == 'test'
+        req.data = b'test2'
+        assert req.headers.get('Content-Type') == 'test'
+        req.data = None
+        assert 'Content-Type' not in req.headers
+        req.data = b'test3'
+        assert req.headers.get('Content-Type') == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+    def test_update_req(self):
+        req = Request('http://example.com')
+        assert req.data is None
+        assert req.method == 'GET'
+        assert 'Content-Type' not in req.headers
+        # Test that zero-byte payloads will be sent
+        req.update(data=b'')
+        assert req.data == b''
+        assert req.method == 'POST'
+        assert req.headers.get('Content-Type') == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+    def test_proxies(self):
+        req = Request(url='http://example.com', proxies={'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'})
+        assert req.proxies == {'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'}
+
+    def test_extensions(self):
+        req = Request(url='http://example.com', extensions={'timeout': 2})
+        assert req.extensions == {'timeout': 2}
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        req = Request(
+            url='http://example.com',
+            extensions={'cookiejar': CookieJar()},
+            headers={'Accept-Encoding': 'br'},
+            proxies={'http': 'http://127.0.0.1'},
+            data=[b'123']
+        )
+        req_copy = req.copy()
+        assert req_copy is not req
+        assert req_copy.url == req.url
+        assert req_copy.headers == req.headers
+        assert req_copy.headers is not req.headers
+        assert req_copy.proxies == req.proxies
+        assert req_copy.proxies is not req.proxies
+
+        # Data is not able to be copied
+        assert req_copy.data == req.data
+        assert req_copy.data is req.data
+
+        # Shallow copy extensions
+        assert req_copy.extensions is not req.extensions
+        assert req_copy.extensions['cookiejar'] == req.extensions['cookiejar']
+
+        # Subclasses are copied by default
+        class AnotherRequest(Request):
+            pass
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
+        req = AnotherRequest(url='http://127.0.0.1')
+        assert isinstance(req.copy(), AnotherRequest)
+
+    def test_url(self):
+        req = Request(url='https://фtest.example.com/ some spaceв?ä=c',)
+        assert req.url == 'https://xn--test-z6d.example.com/%20some%20space%D0%B2?%C3%A4=c'
+
+        assert Request(url='//example.com').url == 'http://example.com'
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            Request(url='https://').url = None
+
+
+class TestResponse:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('reason,status,expected', [
+        ('custom', 200, 'custom'),
+        (None, 404, 'Not Found'),  # fallback status
+        ('', 403, 'Forbidden'),
+        (None, 999, None)
+    ])
+    def test_reason(self, reason, status, expected):
+        res = Response(io.BytesIO(b''), url='test://', headers={}, status=status, reason=reason)
+        assert res.reason == expected
+
+    def test_headers(self):
+        headers = Message()
+        headers.add_header('Test', 'test')
+        headers.add_header('Test', 'test2')
+        headers.add_header('content-encoding', 'br')
+        res = Response(io.BytesIO(b''), headers=headers, url='test://')
+        assert res.headers.get_all('test') == ['test', 'test2']
+        assert 'Content-Encoding' in res.headers
+
+    def test_get_header(self):
+        headers = Message()
+        headers.add_header('Set-Cookie', 'cookie1')
+        headers.add_header('Set-cookie', 'cookie2')
+        headers.add_header('Test', 'test')
+        headers.add_header('Test', 'test2')
+        res = Response(io.BytesIO(b''), headers=headers, url='test://')
+        assert res.get_header('test') == 'test, test2'
+        assert res.get_header('set-Cookie') == 'cookie1'
+        assert res.get_header('notexist', 'default') == 'default'
+
+    def test_compat(self):
+        res = Response(io.BytesIO(b''), url='test://', status=404, headers={'test': 'test'})
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
+            assert res.code == res.getcode() == res.status
+            assert res.geturl() == res.url
+            assert res.info() is res.headers
+            assert res.getheader('test') == res.get_header('test')
+
+
+class TestImpersonateTarget:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target_str,expected', [
+        ('abc', ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)),
+        ('abc-120_esr', ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120_esr', None, None)),
+        ('abc-120:xyz', ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', None)),
+        ('abc-120:xyz-5.6', ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', '5.6')),
+        ('abc:xyz', ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, 'xyz', None)),
+        ('abc:', ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)),
+        ('abc-120:', ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', None, None)),
+        (':xyz', ImpersonateTarget(None, None, 'xyz', None)),
+        (':xyz-6.5', ImpersonateTarget(None, None, 'xyz', '6.5')),
+        (':', ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None)),
+        ('', ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None)),
+    ])
+    def test_target_from_str(self, target_str, expected):
+        assert ImpersonateTarget.from_str(target_str) == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target_str', [
+        '-120', ':-12.0', '-12:-12', '-:-',
+        '::', 'a-c-d:', 'a-c-d:e-f-g', 'a:b:'
+    ])
+    def test_target_from_invalid_str(self, target_str):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            ImpersonateTarget.from_str(target_str)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target,expected', [
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None), 'abc'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', None, None), 'abc-120'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', None), 'abc-120:xyz'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', '5'), 'abc-120:xyz-5'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, 'xyz', None), 'abc:xyz'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', None, None), 'abc-120'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', None), 'abc-120:xyz'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, 'xyz'), 'abc:xyz'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget(None, None, 'xyz', '6.5'), ':xyz-6.5'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', ), 'abc'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None), ''),
+    ])
+    def test_str(self, target, expected):
+        assert str(target) == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('args', [
+        ('abc', None, None, '5'),
+        ('abc', '120', None, '5'),
+        (None, '120', None, None),
+        (None, '120', None, '5'),
+        (None, None, None, '5'),
+        (None, '120', 'xyz', '5'),
+    ])
+    def test_invalid_impersonate_target(self, args):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            ImpersonateTarget(*args)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target1,target2,is_in,is_eq', [
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None), ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None), True, True),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None), ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', None, None), True, False),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, 'xyz', 'test'), ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', None), True, False),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '121', 'xyz', 'test'), ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', 'test'), False, False),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc'), ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', 'test'), True, False),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', 'test'), ImpersonateTarget('abc'), True, False),
+        (ImpersonateTarget(), ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz'), True, False),
+        (ImpersonateTarget(), ImpersonateTarget(), True, True),
+    ])
+    def test_impersonate_target_in(self, target1, target2, is_in, is_eq):
+        assert (target1 in target2) is is_in
+        assert (target1 == target2) is is_eq